false sense
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2022 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056627
Author(s):  
Mathieu JP Poirier ◽  
Gigi Lin ◽  
Leah K Watson ◽  
Steven J Hoffman

ObjectivesTo systematically code and classify longitudinal cigarette consumption trajectories in European countries since 1970.DesignBlinded duplicate qualitative coding of periods of year-over-year relative increase, plateau, and decrease of national per capita cigarette consumption and categorisation of historical cigarette consumption trajectories based on longitudinal patterns emerging from the data.Setting41 countries or former countries in the European region for which data are available between 1970 and 2015.ResultsRegional trends in longitudinal consumption patterns identify stable or decreasing consumption throughout Northern, Western and Southern European countries, while Eastern and Southeastern European countries experienced much greater instability. The 11 emergent classes of historical cigarette consumption trajectories were also regionally clustered, including a distinctive inverted U or sine wave pattern repeatedly emerging from former Soviet and Southeastern European countries.ConclusionsThe open-access data produced by this study can be used to conduct comparative international evaluations of tobacco control policies by separating impacts likely attributable to gradual long-term trends from those more likely attributable to acute short-term events. The complex, regionally clustered historical trajectories of cigarette consumption in Europe suggest that the enduring normative frame of a gently sloping downward curve in cigarette consumption can offer a false sense of security among policymakers and can distract from plausible causal mechanisms among researchers. These multilevel and multisectoral causal mechanisms point to the need for a greater understanding of the political economy of regional and global determinants of cigarette consumption.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Hayley Lunseth

Is it more helpful for an individual such as a teacher to provide a student with constructive criticism or positive affirmations in relation to their writing work? Which method is helpful in pushing the student to prosper and which can be detrimental when utilized inappropriately and ineffectively? Do positive affirmations provide students with a false sense of confidence with little knowledge of what they can improve upon or does constructive criticism dismantle the faith an individual has in their writing capabilities causing them to produce work that is not of their best quality? This paper explores both forms of feedback often employed by educators through the utilization of various research papers and sources to determine which method of response or assessment is most useful in order for a student to reach their full writing potential.


Author(s):  
Oludare Temitope Osuntokun

Nose/Face masks are physical barriers to respiratory droplets that may enter through the nose and mouth to cause infections in the respiratory tract. The study was determined and assess the presence of Gram-negative bacteria in used home-made and surgical nose mask by residents of Akungba-Akoko Ondo State and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistant profile of the isolated bacteria to eight (8) different antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial analysis were performed using standard microbiological and biochemical methods. Antimicrobial Susceptibility test of all identified isolates to antimicrobial agents were determined using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The Gram-negative bacteria that were detected from the used home-made and surgical nose mask in this study include: Haemophilus influenza, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia. During this study, all the Gram-negative bacteria isolates were resistant to Ciproflox in both used home-made and surgical nose mask. All isolates were also resistant to Ampicilin, Augmentin, Septrin and Streptomycin. In this study, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated organism from used home-made nose mask, it was observed that Escherichia coli were resistant to Augmentin, Tarivid, Ciproflox, Gentamycin, and Reflaxine, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to Tarivid, Ciproflox, and Nalidixic acid between 20 mm and 24 mm zones of inhibition respectively. Haemophilus influenza, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis were isolated organism from used surgical nose mask. It was observed that all isolated organisms from the used surgical nose/face mask were resistant to Augmentin and Gentamycin between 20 and 24 mm zones of inhibition respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from both used home-made and surgical nose/face mask and were found to be resistant to Streptomycin, Septrin, Ampicilin, and Gentamicin between 20 to 22 mm zones of inhibition respectively. Proteus mirabilis were isolated from used surgical nose/face mask,        they were found to be resistant to Ciproflox at 21mm zones of inhibition. Haemophilus influenza were resistant to Ampicilin, Septrin, Streptomycin, and Augmentin at 23 mm zones of inhibition. Isolates from used both home-made and surgical nose/face mask were subjected to modified and synergized antibiotics, it was observed that the isolates from both used home-made and surgical nose mask were resistant to all modified and synergized antibiotics between 20 and 25 mm zones of inhibition respectively. The result of this study validates the potency of  Gram negative bacteria isolated from used both home-made and surgical nose/face mask and the degree of invasion and evasiveness, thereby causing various degrees of infections and a false sense of protection against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Finding from this research recommends a stringent measures were needed to be implemented, to halt and combat this revenging situation especially in the new era of mutating SARS-CoV-2 Virus not only in Nigeria, worldwide at large.


Text Matters ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 64-83
Author(s):  
Ryszard Bartnik

This paper aims to present the main contours of Burns’s literary output which, interestingly enough, grows into a personal understanding of the collective mindset of (post)-Troubles Northern Ireland. It is legitimate, I argue, to construe her fiction (No Bones, 2001; Little Constructions, 2007; Milkman, 2018) as a body of work shedding light on certain underlying mechanisms of (post-)sectarian violence. Notwithstanding the lapse of time between 1998 and 2020, the Troubles’ toxic legacy has indeed woven an unbroken thread in the social fabric of the region. My reading of the novelist’s selected works intends to show how the local public have been fed by (or have fed themselves upon) an unjustified—maybe even false—sense of security. Burns, in that regard, has positioned herself amongst the aggregate of writers who feel anxious rather than placated, hence their persistence in returning to the roots of Northern Irish societal divisions. Burns’s writing, in the above context, though immersed in the world of the Troubles, paradoxically communicates “an idiosyncratic spatiotemporality” (Maureen Ruprecht Fadem’s phrase), namely an experience beyond the self-imposing, historical time limits. As such, it gains the ability to provide insightful commentaries on conflict-prone relations, the patterns of which can be repeatedly observed in Northern Ireland’s socio-political milieu. Overall, the main idea here is to discuss and present the narrative realm proposed by Burns as (in)determinate, liminal in terms of time and space, positioning readers between “then” and “now” of the region.


Author(s):  
Gyula Seres ◽  
Anna Helen Balleyer ◽  
Nicola Cerutti ◽  
Anastasia Danilov ◽  
Jana Friedrichsen ◽  
...  

AbstractGovernments across the world have implemented restrictive policies to slow the spread of COVID-19. Recommended face mask use has been a controversially discussed policy, among others, due to potential adverse effects on physical distancing. Using a randomized field experiment (N = 300), we show that individuals kept a significantly larger distance from someone wearing a face mask than from an unmasked person during the early days of the pandemic. According to an additional survey experiment (N = 456) conducted at the time, masked individuals were not perceived as being more infectious than unmasked ones, but they were believed to prefer more distancing. This result suggests that wearing a mask served as a social signal that led others to increase the distance they kept. Our findings provide evidence against the claim that mask use creates a false sense of security that would negatively affect physical distancing. Furthermore, our results suggest that behavior has informational content that may be affected by policies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032125
Author(s):  
Juan Diego Ordoñez Maldonado ◽  
Juan Sebastián Maldonado Noboa

Abstract In Ecuador, informal construction is a recurrent problem, especially in low-span constructions, as well as in medium-size constructions, in which there is no strict control during their construction and design. This leads to deficient constructions, which diminishes the resilience of the elements, even though they are designed by a professional with experience in structural design, who follows at least all the guidelines of the current standards, and uses the appropriate tools for their conception and design. This generates a false sense of security in the occupants of the building. Failures do not usually occur in the short term, no matter how pitiful the construction method was. In case of anomalies, it is considered something futile, easy to cover up, which only has aesthetic implications. This causes even the most experienced of technicians to trust, making crass mistakes that can lead to the collapse of the structure. Given these problems, the degree of vulnerability due to defects in the building was evaluated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Nik Him Nik Ahmad Shaiffudin ◽  
Nik Arif Nik Mohamad ◽  
Azizul Fadzli Jusoh ◽  
Radhir Sham Mohamad ◽  
Aminudin Abu

Abstract T The use of a disinfection tunnel has become increasingly popular to eliminate the Covid-19 on the body particularly during the pandemic, however insufficient attention paid to its effectiveness and safety. We undertake a narrative review on the disinfection tunnel and evaluate their effectiveness and safety. The keyword searches of Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, EBM reviews database and manual searches of Google Scholar and US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) was used. An analysis of the papers reviewed were categorized into three main themes: technical design of disinfection tunnel; effectiveness of disinfectant used; and safety or harmful effect. To date, no relevant specific scientific studies or evidence retrieved about disinfection tunnel for public usage including effectiveness and safety. We found a various designs of disinfection in the market today. It mainly originated from an innovative idea to assist in limiting the spread of Covid-19. However, current available evidence does not support its effectiveness and safety. Although it may lead to a false sense of security, this potential approach appears attractive thus creates an opportunity for further research.


Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1954
Author(s):  
Fatimah Abdul Razak ◽  
Zamira Hasanah Zamzuri

Malaysia is multi-ethnic and diverse country. Heterogeneity, in terms of population interactions, is ingrained in the foundation of the country. Malaysian policies and social distancing measures are based on daily infections and R0 (average number of infections per infected person), estimated from the data. Models of the Malaysian COVID-19 spread are mostly based on the established SIR compartmental model and its variants. These models usually assume homogeneity and symmetrical full mixing in the population; thus, they are unable to capture super-spreading events which naturally occur due to heterogeneity. Moreover, studies have shown that when heterogeneity is present, R0 may be very different and even possibly misleading. The underlying spreading network is a crucial element, as it introduces heterogeneity for a more representative and realistic model of the spread through specific populations. Heterogeneity introduces more complexities in the modelling due to its asymmetrical nature of infection compared to the relatively symmetrical SIR compartmental model. This leads to a different way of calculating R0 and defining super-spreaders. Quantifying a super-spreader individual is related to the idea of importance in a network. The definition of a super-spreading individual depends on how super-spreading is defined. Even when the spreading is defined, it may not be clear that a single centrality always correlates with super-spreading, since centralities are network dependent. We proposed using a measure of super-spreading directly related to R0 and that will give a measure of ‘spreading’ regardless of the underlying network. We captured the vulnerability for varying degrees of heterogeneity and initial conditions by defining a measure to quantify the chances of epidemic spread in the simulations. We simulated the SIR spread on a real Malaysian network to illustrate the effects of this measure and heterogeneity on the number of infections. We also simulated super-spreading events (based on our definition) within the bounds of heterogeneity to demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly defined measure. We found that heterogeneity serves as a natural curve-flattening mechanism; therefore, the number of infections and R0 may be lower than expected. This may lead to a false sense of security, especially since heterogeneity makes the population vulnerable to super-spreading events.


Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1077
Author(s):  
Gianluca Montanari Vergallo ◽  
Simona Zaami ◽  
Francesca Negro ◽  
Pietro Brunetti ◽  
Alessandro Del Rio ◽  
...  

The need to fight a highly aggressive virus such as SARS-CoV-2 has compelled governments to put in place measures, which, in the name of health protection, have constrained many freedoms we all enjoy, including freedom of movement, both nationally and within the European Union. In order to encourage and facilitate the return to free movement, the European Parliament has launched a “COVID-19 digital certificate.” A spirited debate centered around the use of this certificate is still ongoing among scholars, many of whom have pointed out the uncertainties relative to COVID-19 immunity, privacy issues and the risk of discriminatory effects. The authors, while highlighting some critical aspects, argue that the COVID digital certificate in its current approved version can effectively help prevent the spread of the infection and promote free movement, while upholding the right to health as much as possible. However, they also stress the need for a thorough information campaign to illustrate the advantages and limitations of this document in order to avoid creating a false sense of security in the public opinion, who may wrongly assume that the emergency has been overcome for good.


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