The Individual/State Axis

2005 ◽  
pp. 87-113
Author(s):  
David Studdert
Keyword(s):  
Individual State ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals INHERITED TASTES AND ENDOGENOUS LONGEVITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 674-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Fanti ◽  
Luca Gori ◽  
Cristiana Mammana ◽  
Elisabetta Michetti
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Poverty Trap ◽  
Individual State ◽  
State Of Health ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Endogenous Longevity

This article aims at studying a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations that incorporates inherited tastes (aspirations) and endogenous longevity. The existence of standard-of-living aspirations transmitted between two subsequent generations in a context where the individual state of health depends on public investments in health has some remarkable consequences at the macroeconomic level. First, aspirations allow escaping from the well-known poverty trap scenario described by Chakraborty (2004). Second, the steady-state equilibrium may be destabilized through a super-critical Neimark–Sacker bifurcation when the health tax rate is set at too high or too low a level. This causes endogenous fluctuations in income and longevity.

scholarly journals Blood antioxidant nutrients in riparian villagers of the Brazilian Amazon: its associations with wet/dry seasons and modulation by sociodemographic determinants

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Valentini ◽  
Carlos José Sousa Passos ◽  
Solange Cristina Garcia ◽  
Robert Davidson ◽  
Marc Lucotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Individual State ◽  
River Region ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Sociodemographic Determinants ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Β Carotene

Abstract This study associates blood antioxidants like copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), β-carotene, lycopene and vitamins (A and E) to sociodemographic features and seasonality in communities from the Tapajós River region, Brazilian Amazon. We observed increased Mn, Se and Zn levels compared to the average Brazilian population, whereas this is only the case for β-carotene in the rainy season. Lycopene levels fall within the reference range, although lower than those found in other Brazilian regions. Cu, Se, Zn, β-carotene, lycopene and vitamin E levels vary among seasons. β-carotene, Mn and Se vary among communities. Se and Zn vary with smoking habits and sex, respectively. In addition, β-carotene and vitamins (A and E) are altered by alcohol consumption. Villagers who both farmed and fished present higher Cu and lower β-carotene levels than participants with a single occupation. Vitamin E levels depend upon the individual state of origin. These data provide important baseline information for antioxidant status in this Amazonian riparian population.

Influence of age and physical activity on central hemodynamics and lung function in active adults

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Kanstrup ◽  
B. Ekblom
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Circulatory Response ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Active Adults ◽  
Mixed Venous ◽  
Peak Value

Five female and seven male physically active adults were studied twice within a 13-yr interval. The individual state of physical activity was mainly unchanged. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was reduced in all subjects except one female, in whom it remained unchanged. During maximal exercise, cardiac output (Q) in males was unchanged. In females, Q was significantly increased due to increased stroke volume (SV). In both sexes, the reduced VO2 max was explained by a smaller arteriovenous O2 difference (mixed venous O2 content (C-VO2) significantly increased). For a given submaximal VO2, Q was increased in both sexes and heart rate was unchanged. Thus, SV was increased and arteriovenous O2 difference was reduced due to increased C-VO2. Another four males were studied several times in various states of physical fitness during an 11-yr period. The reduced VO2 max from peak value was due to a reduced Qmax (SV smaller), whereas the arteriovenous O2 difference and C-VO2 were unchanged. Our results indicate that the observed changes in circulatory response to submaximal and maximal exercise in physically active adults may to a large extent be due to an effect of “detraining.”

scholarly journals State-Anxiety Modulates the Effect of Emotion Cues on Visual Temporal Sensitivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrinmoy Chakrabarty ◽  
Takeshi Atsumi ◽  
Ayako Yaguchi ◽  
Reiko Fukatsu ◽  
Masakazu Ide
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Temporal Order Judgment ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAtypical processing of stimulus inputs across a range of sensory modalities in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are widely reported. Sensory processing is known to be influenced by bodily internal states such as physiological arousal and anxiety. Since a sizeable proportion of ASD individuals reportedly have co-morbid anxiety disorders that are linked with dysregulated arousal, we investigated if face-emotion arousal cues, influenced visual sensory sensitivity (indexed by temporal resolution) in an ASD group (n=20) compared to a matched group of typically-developed individuals (TD, n=21). We asked further if emotion-cued changes in visual sensitivity associated with individual differences in state- and trait-anxiety. Participants reported the laterality of the second of two consecutive Gaussian-blob flashes in a visual temporal order judgment task (v-TOJ), demanding higher-level visual processing. The key manipulation was presenting a task-irrelevant face emotion cue briefly at unexpected time points preceding the task-relevant flashes. Disgust vs Neutral emotion signals enhanced the visual temporal resolution in ASD individuals. Furthermore, individual state-anxiety scores correlated with the emotion-cued change of temporal resolution (Disgust vs Neutral) in the ASD group. Both these effects were absent in the TD group. The results show that individual state-anxiety levels significantly modulate the effect of emotions on visual temporal sensitivity in ASD individuals, which was absent in our TD sample. The findings support a nuanced approach to understand the disparate sensory features in ASD individuals, by factoring in the interplay of the individual reactivity to environmental affective information and the severity of anxiety.

scholarly journals 100 MeV/100 kW ACCELERATOR ADJUSTMENT FOR THE NSC KIPT NEUTRON SOURCE PHYSICAL START UP

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
A.P. Bezditko ◽  
A.N. Gordienko ◽  
P.I. Gladkikh ◽  
A.M. Gvozd ◽  
D.A. Kapliy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Source ◽  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Linear Accelerator ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Electron Linear Accelerator ◽  
State Tests ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Source State ◽  
Beam Parameters ◽  
The Individual

The NSC KIPT SCA Neutron Source uses 100 MeV/ 100 kW electron linear accelerator as a driver for the generation of the initial neutrons. The individual State tests of the accelerator were successfully carried out in July 2018 and pilot operation of the accelerator was started in autumn 2018. Since then the following were carried out: preparation and providing of the SCA Neutron Source State Integrating tests, adjustment and improvement of the accelerator technological system performance, optimization of the electron beam parameters, preparation to the SCA Neutron Source physical start up. The main results of the accelerator operation and methods of performance improve are described in the paper.

scholarly journals Emergence of Principle of Sic Utere Tuo Ut Alienum Non-Laedes in Environmental Law and Its Endorsement by International and National Courts: An Assessment

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
T. R. Subramanya ◽  
Shuvro Prosun Sarker
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Private Person ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
State 1

The maxim of sic utere tuo ut alienum non-laedes (use your own property in such a way that you do not injure that of another) has been recognized as a fundamental principal of law both in Roman and common law systems. In international law, this principle acts as a limitation on the sovereignty of a State. It is a settled principle of international law that a State has the sovereign right to exercise the basic functions of a state.1 But then the exercise of this right is subject to certain limitations. One limitation is that the state cannot allow certain activities to interfere with the sovereignty of other states. A state will be found liable under international law if the consequences of activities within that state’s control seriously injure persons or property of other states. This principle over a period of time has come to be known as the “no harm rule”. According to this principle, a state isanswerable even for acts of a private person who is under that state’s control.2 State practices clearly show that the laws governing state responsibility will apply to injuries arising out of hazardous activities which are within a state’s control because the riskof consequences posed by such hazardous activities are serious, regardless of their legality within the individual state.3

Collective Progress in the Light of Equity Under the Global Stocktake

Climate Law ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Zahar
Keyword(s):  
Self Determination ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Individual Assessment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global Stocktake

The Global Stocktake compels states periodically to focus on the Paris Agreement’s ultimate aims. Without it, each state’s attention would have been fixated on its own Nationally Determined Contribution and little else. The Paris Rulebook clarifies how the stocktaking mechanism is to function—in all but one respect: although the rules keep the emphasis squarely on “collective progress” as the proper object of the stocktake’s assessment, the text is ambiguous on whether its implied opposite—individual state progress—is to be excluded from the assessment. The ambiguity rides mainly on the notion of “equity”—a term as dutifully inserted into key passages of the Rulebook as its explanation is studiously avoided. Whatever the negotiators may have intended in this respect, an objective construction of the Rulebook shows that an assessment of the individual progress of states is permitted to occupy a substantial part of the stocktaking process, except when it comes to formal reporting on the stocktake’s outputs. The non-exclusion of individual assessment from the dialogue that powers the stocktake means that, while the ideology of “national self-determination” may have succeeded in turning out an Article 15 Committee of unprecedented blandness, it has neglected to defend its flanks in the Global Stocktake, making for an unpredictable, yet potentially useful process.

Conflict Resolution as a State Mechanism in Modern Times

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-55
Author(s):  
Sadhan Kumar Dey ◽  
Alice Dey
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Individual State ◽  
World War ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Present Decade ◽  
Sustained Effort ◽  
The Individual

The post-industrialized world, which covers the period from the post-World War II to the present decade, has seen different types of real-life conflicts across the professional world. The present chapter is a sustained effort to analyse the post-industrialised conflicts in the light of application of state mechanism to resolve such conflicts in national as well as in international arenas. The term “state mechanism” has been used in a broader sense so that it may cover the control mechanism of the individual state and international control mechanisms of the United Nations.

Stage-structured models

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-165
Author(s):  
Louis W. Botsford ◽  
J. Wilson White ◽  
Alan Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
Projection Matrix ◽  
Leslie Matrix ◽  
Individual State ◽  
State Variable ◽  
Population Variable ◽  
Real Population ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
The Individual

This chapter moves to models in which developmental stage is the individual state variable, and abundance at each stage is the population variable. Stage is a period within an individual life history (e.g. juvenile, adult); organisms may survive within a stage or “grow” to other stages. This movement and survival is represented by a projection matrix that describes the transitions between stages over time. The projection matrix is similar to the Leslie matrix for age-structured models (Chapter 3), except it has entries other than just those in the first row and the sub-diagonal. Stage models are conceptually problematic because real population dynamics ultimately depend on the age distribution within each stage category. Stage-based models obscure that age structure, thus stage is not an adequate expression of state (Chapter 1). This chapter demonstrates how this introduces artifacts in model analysis, particularly of transients, and presents some ways to avoid those artifacts.

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