On Divergences between Social Cost and Private Cost

Producing biomass energy requires much land, and effects of biomass production on ecosystem services could greatly affect total biomass energy cost. This study estimates switchgrass production cost in western Massachusetts at three levels: private production cost, private cost plus social cost of nitrogen fertilizer externalities, and those costs plus the social opportunity cost of foregone forest ecosystem services. Values for nitrogen externalities and forest ecosystem services estimated with benefit transfer suggest that social cost is much greater than private switchgrass production cost. The benefit-transfer estimates are only first approximations, but conclusions are robust to a large range of values.

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Cost Analysis in Higher Education of Tribhuvan University

Tribhuvan University Journal ◽

10.3126/tuj.v35i1.35872 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 68-83

Author(s):

Minraj Paudel

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Social Cost ◽

Survey Methods ◽

Department Of Education ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Private Cost ◽

Master Level ◽

The Government ◽

Positivist Approach ◽

Central Department

The study analyzes the direct private and social cost of higher education in Tribhuvan University (TU) of Nepal. Post-positivist approach and survey methods with descriptive and explanatory design have been used, and both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from closed and semi-closed questionnaires. Simple random, stratified and purposive sampling techniques have been used. After the study, it is found that girls are more expensive than boys by 2.52 percent in the case of direct private non-institutional educational costs. Furthermore, if any student wants to study the master level under TU, s/he must invest NRs3,08,858, NRs 3,43,170, NRs 3,43,370, NRs 3,75,843, NRs 5,18,477 and NRs 4,57,695 to get the degree from central department of Education, Nepali, English, Management, Zoology and Chemistry respectively as direct private cost up to complete this educational cycle. Except capital cost, the government of Nepal has burdened 61.82 percent and 38.18 percent by the household of higher education in TU, Nepal.

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Determinants of Littering: An Experimental Analysis

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v52i2pp.157-168 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 157-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Fatima Salim Khawaja ◽

Anwar Shah

Keyword(s):

Environmental Degradation ◽

Experimental Analysis ◽

Treatment Cost ◽

Social Cost ◽

Jel Classification ◽

Microeconomic Theory ◽

Private Cost ◽

The Social ◽

Cost Treatment ◽

The Cost

Littering, the improper disposal of small quantities of waste, is one of the main causes of environmental degradation. To protect the environment from this degradation, we need to factor out the determinants of littering behaviour. In this study, we conduct a controlled laboratory experiment to examine whether people would avoid littering if the social cost of this behaviour was internalised. Based on the microeconomic theory relating to externality, we test whether penalising littering decreases its level compared to when it is not.. The results indicate that when the cost of production of littering is internalised, the level of littering drops. JEL Classification: C92, D62 Keywords: Litter, Externality, Private Cost, Internalisation, Experiment, Baseline Treatment, Cost Treatment

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Competitiveness of broiler in Tondano Utara district, regency of minahasa in north Sulawesi province, Indonesia

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202123202021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 232 ◽

pp. 02021

Author(s):

Erwin Wantasen ◽

Jein Rini Leke ◽

Florencia Nery Sompie

Keyword(s):

Competitive Advantage ◽

Social Cost ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Export Market ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Market Expansion ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Business System ◽

Private Cost ◽

Domestic Factor

The research aims to analyze competitiveness of broiler in District of Tondano Utara, Regency of Minahasa. Sampling technique utilized was saturated sampling (census method) by taking all existing samples, containing of 68 samples of broiler in the region of District of Tondano Utara. Further, data analysis employed Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). The analysis finding shows that PCR (Private Cost Ratio) valuewas less than(<) 1, which was 0.65. This means that business system of broiler cultivated by breeders had competitive advantage. Breeder was able to compete with broiler business in other regions, instead of enabling to finance domestic factor in private price. Husbandry sector had competitive advantage whereas DRCR (Domestic Resources Cost Ratio) value was less than (<) 1, representing that advantage obtained by breeder was greater than its social cost of non-tradable input. In broiler’s case showed in District of Tondano Utara, DRCR value was less than (<) 1, which was 0.96, depicting that husbandry sector had comparative competitiveness since it could finance its domestic factor related to social cost and it was economically efficient. Therefore it is recommended to encourage market expansion to the export market through the development of broiler chicken meat processing industry in North Sulawesi.

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