CONSEQUENCES OF LOSS OF COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES IN THE SELECTED BLOCK, DINDIGUL DISTRICT OF TAMILNADU

Common property land resources include grazing ground, community pasture, village forests and woodlots, and village sites, on which the villagers have legal usufructuary rights; these land resources also include all another land formally held by the panchayat or a community of the villages (NSS 54th round). For a collection of data of common land resources de jure and e facto approaches were considered. Forest land resources which are under the jurisdiction of the forest department was also considered as poor dependent rural communities are directly or indirectly dependent on the forest for livelihoods. From the report of NSS 54th round, it is observed that 15% of India’s total geographical area substantially forms a part of common land resources. Consequences of loss of common property resources and depletion of common property resources resulted largely because there was no private cost for using these resources. Privatization of common property resources in the arid zone has invariably meant the conversion of common property resources land into cropland.

The effect of COVID-19 outbreak on the competitive and comparative advantages of rice production in West Java, Indonesia

Food security is one of the keys to success in overcoming problems arising impact of the COVID-19 outbreak. Attention to the paddy production in West Java is imperative. This paper aimed to discuss the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the competitiveness of rice production in West Java by using two indicators of Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), namely Private Cost Ratio (PCR) and Domestic Resource Cost Ratio (DRC). The data used is from the National Panel of Farmers (PATANAS) survey data for wetland rice agro-ecosystem in West Java, with 144 households of rice farmer respondents. The results show that the COVID-19 outbreak harms the competitiveness of rice production, and it takes three years for recovery to be a competitive advantage and more than five years for comparative advantage. At the private and social prices of GKP at the farm level equal to the GPP 2020, rice production in West Java will lose its competitive advantage starting in 2022, while the comparative advantage of rice production in West Java continues to decline until 2024. This study has three policy implications: the first eliminating disruption of the distributions of agricultural inputs and outputs. The second is striving to increase the use of machinery and equipment to secure the risk of yield loss during cultivation, harvest time, and post-harvest handling at the farm level. The third is selecting the farmers who have high capability in competitive and comparative advantages as a model for fostering competitiveness improvement for farmers with lower abilities.

Procurement for Assembly Under Asymmetric Information: Theory and Evidence

We study an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) purchasing two inputs for assembly from two suppliers with private cost information. The OEM can contract with the two suppliers either simultaneously or sequentially. We consider both cases in which the OEM has relatively equal bargaining power (the dynamic bargaining institution) or substantial bargaining power (the mechanism design institution). For the dynamic bargaining institution, we show that in sequential bargaining, the supply chain profit is higher, the OEM earns a lower profit, the first supplier earns a higher profit, and the second supplier may earn a higher or lower profit, than compared with simultaneous bargaining. For the mechanism design institution, we show that all players’ profits are the same in simultaneous and sequential contracting. We also benchmark against a case where the OEM procures both inputs from a single integrated supplier (a dyadic supply chain). We then test these predictions in a human-subjects experiment, which supports many of the normative predictions qualitatively with some deviations: an OEM with relatively equal bargaining power weakly prefers to contract with suppliers simultaneously, whereas an OEM with substantial bargaining power prefers to contract with suppliers sequentially. In addition, the OEM’s profit and supply chain efficiency are higher in the dyadic supply chain than the assembly system. This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management.

ANALISIS KEUNGGULAN KOMPARATIF DAN KOMPETITIF KOPI DENGAN ADANYA SERTIFIKASI COMMON CODE FOR THE COFFEE COMMUNITY (4C) DI KECAMATAN SUMBEREJO KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS

This research aims to analyze comparative advantage, competitive advantage, the impact of government policies on input output of certified coffee farming, and analyze the sensitivity of changes in input and outputprices to the comparative advantage and competitive advantage of coffee farming in Sumberejo Subdistrict Tanggamus District. The samples of 25 farmers were taken simply randomly from 133 coffee farmers who applied 4C coffee certification. Data were analyzed using PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix). The results showed that 4C certification coffee farming in Sumberejo Subdistrict of Tanggamus District had a competitive advantage with value of Private Cost Ratio of 0.53 and comparative advantage with of Domestic Cost Ratio of 0.38. Comparative advantage was sensitive to 20.31 percent decline in production volume and 40 percent decline in farm output price. Increase in input price due to revocation of subsidies reduced competitive and comparative advantages. Competitive and comparative advantages were not sensitive to an increase in input price.Key words: certified, coffee, comparative, competitive, PAM

PRIVATE COST OF CAPITAL AND INCREMENTAL BUSINESS VALUE OF MID-MARKET FIRMS

This study examined the implications of private cost of capital on the incremental business value (IBV) of middle market firms in Nigeria. Specifically, three costs were identified as follows: private cost of debt (PCD), private cost of equity (PCE), and overall private cost of capital (PCOC). The purpose was to investigate the extent to which private cost of capital, which is calculated differently from weighted average cost of capital for large enterprises, could contribute to incremental business value of middle market (mid-market) firms. Two panel data regression models were specified with one dependent variable (incremental business value). The first model has private cost of equity and private cost of debt as independent variables, while the second has private cost of capital as the independent variable. The panel comprised 10 middle market enterprises registered as members of the Nigerian Association of Stock Dealers (NASD). Middle market enterprises are operators in the private sector whose total assets (excluding land and building) are above one hundred and fifty thousand USD but not more than one million five hundred thousand USD. The study adopted the fixed effect model as the best linear estimator after a model validation with the aid of the Hausman test. We found that private cost of debt, private cost of equity, and overall private cost of capital have negative and significant effects on the incremental business value of middle market firms. We concluded that incremental business value is more elastic to changes in private cost of equity than private cost of debt, and that this is as a result of two phenomena: firstly, higher explicit private cost of equity than debt, and secondly, greater proportion of private equity than private debt in the capital structure of middle market firms in Nigeria.

Competitiveness of broiler in Tondano Utara district, regency of minahasa in north Sulawesi province, Indonesia

The research aims to analyze competitiveness of broiler in District of Tondano Utara, Regency of Minahasa. Sampling technique utilized was saturated sampling (census method) by taking all existing samples, containing of 68 samples of broiler in the region of District of Tondano Utara. Further, data analysis employed Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). The analysis finding shows that PCR (Private Cost Ratio) valuewas less than(<) 1, which was 0.65. This means that business system of broiler cultivated by breeders had competitive advantage. Breeder was able to compete with broiler business in other regions, instead of enabling to finance domestic factor in private price. Husbandry sector had competitive advantage whereas DRCR (Domestic Resources Cost Ratio) value was less than (<) 1, representing that advantage obtained by breeder was greater than its social cost of non-tradable input. In broiler’s case showed in District of Tondano Utara, DRCR value was less than (<) 1, which was 0.96, depicting that husbandry sector had comparative competitiveness since it could finance its domestic factor related to social cost and it was economically efficient. Therefore it is recommended to encourage market expansion to the export market through the development of broiler chicken meat processing industry in North Sulawesi.

Are Spanish Students Customers? Paradoxical Perceptions of the Impact of Marketisation on Higher Education in Spain

This article examines how higher education (HE) students are conceptualised in Spain, drawing on an analysis of policy and institutional narratives about such students, as well as on the perspectives of university staff and students themselves. More specifically, it will explore an interesting paradox that we encountered in our data: on one hand, marketisation is less firmly established in the HE system of Spain than in many other European countries, and policy and institutional narratives in Spain present the HE system as being relatively unmarketised. On the other hand, the staff and students we interviewed presented the Spanish HE system and the student experience as having been dramatically transformed by marketisation. In analysing this paradox, the article highlights the importance of not viewing countries as coherent educational entities. In addition – while broadly supporting scholarship that has pointed to a growing market orientation of national HE systems across Europe – the article draws attention to how the manner in which the marketisation of HE is experienced on the ground can be very different in different national contexts, and may be mediated by a number of factors, including perceptions about the quality of educational provision and the labour market rewards of a degree; the manner in which the private cost of education (if any) is borne by students and their families; and the extent to which marketisation may have become entrenched and normalised in the HE system of a country.