Host–Home Country Linkages and Host–Home Country Specific Advantages as Determinants of Foreign Acquisitions by Indian Firms

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Buckley ◽  
Nicolas Forsans ◽  
Surender Munjal
Keyword(s):  
Home Country ◽  
Foreign Acquisitions ◽  
Country Specific

Strangers Are Not All Danger

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Wang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Home Country ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Foreign Acquisitions ◽  
Bilateral Relations

Sovereign wealth fund (SWF) investment in strategic industries has raiseumerous concerns. While state ownership may motivate SWFs to pursue strategic interests on behalf of the home government, other governments can have different strategic objectives. It suggests that SWFs may behave differently even when investing in strategic industries. This chapter illustrates the heterogeneity of SWF investment in the energy industry and argues that SWFs from energy-poor countries are more likely to invest in the energy industry compared to other types of investors in pursuit of energy security for the home country. Foreign investment in the energy industry is likely to face greater resistance by the host country than investment in other industries. This would increase with the deterioration of bilateral relations, especially for SWFs from energy-poor countries. Empirical analysis of 6,382 foreign acquisitions between 1992 and 2012 support these claims. These results are robust against alternative model specifications and variable measurements.

Rethinking the literature on “multiple embeddedness” and subsidiary-specific advantages

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Ferraris
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Entire Network ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Country Specific

Purpose – This paper aims to synthesize the literature on embeddedness of MNE subsidiaries, rethinking the concept of “multiple embeddedness” in order to clarify the importance of the subsidiary-specific advantages. Design/methodology/approach – A new and innovative framework based on four key relationships: home country-specific advantages (CSAs)-Headquarters (HQ); HQ-subsidiary; subsidiary-host CSAs; and subsidiary-HQ. This framework is used to discuss the complex phenomenon of “multiple embeddedness”. Findings – The framework proposed sheds light on the subsidiary's need to develop and sustain over time its subsidiary-specific advantages (SSAs) and, where possible, to “upgrade” these SSAs and to integrate them across the entire network of the MNE. The framework is based on two pillars. The first one is the “creation and development” of firm-specific advantages (FSAs) (in the home country) and SSAs (in the host country); the second one is the “transfer” of these advantages from the parent to the subsidiary and vice versa. In addition, several interesting interrelations are found between the four main relationships, and the central role of the recombination capabilities and the importance of distance are highlighted. Originality/value – This paper is one of the first to develop a framework incorporating all the relevant relationships in multiple embeddedness. The framework is innovative and “embeddedness” is analyzed in a novel way, as many studies only partially analyze this complex phenomenon and neglect one or more of these relationships.

The competitiveness of emerging country multinational enterprise

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Multinational Enterprise ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Emerging Country ◽  
Rival Firms ◽  
Competitive Actions ◽  
Country Specific

Purpose This paper aims to conduct a theoretical enquiry into the questions as to whether emerging country multinationals’ competitiveness derives from country-specific advantage (CSA) or firm-specific advantages (FSA). The case of China is also examined. Design/methodology/approach CSAs and FSAs are examined both in theory and in the specific case of China as explicators of outward foreign direct investment from emerging countries. Findings FSAs and CSAs are found to be imprecise explanatory mechanisms to explain the competitiveness of emerging country multinationals. The examination of imperfections in emerging markets and in global markets and the internalisation responses of firms in different contexts is found to be a superior explanation of the financial flows classified as “outward direct investment”. Originality/value Internalisation theory requires a focus on mechanisms to convert home country attributes into competitive advantages and suggests that FSAs are context dependent, ephemeral and subject to negation by the competitive actions of rival firms.

Motives and competitive assets of Pakistani international construction contracting firms

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahsen Maqsoom ◽  
Chotchai Charoenngam
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Experiences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Country Specific ◽  
Construction Contracting

Purpose – This paper aims to study the impact of a firm’s size and international experience on its internationalization because it remains an under-researched area. Using an integrated theoretical approach, this study examines the motives and (firm-specific and home country-specific) competitive assets, that enable the internationalization of Pakistan-based construction contracting firms (CCFs) having varied sizes and international experiences. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through a postal questionnaire survey. A comparative analysis of these data was undertaken for firms of varied sizes and international experiences. Findings – Findings show that firms of varied sizes did not concur over several firm-specific and home country-specific competitive assets, whereas firms of varied international experiences were in disagreement over fewer motives and home country-specific competitive assets. Small CCFs need to overcome weakness in their firm-specific competitive assets, especially international reputation and internationally experienced management. Government and home country support are needed to promote internationalization of emerging economies’ CCFs, especially younger and smaller ones that are more vulnerable due to an unstable business environment and lack of opportunities in domestic markets. Research limitations/implications – The firms included in this study represent only one service sector, i.e. the emerging economy scenario of Pakistan’s construction industry. Future research may be conducted with a deeper analysis of the differences between emerging and developed economies’ CCFs as well as other service sectors. Originality/value – The study will be helpful to those CCFs from emerging economies which are considering whether or not to internationalize and, to the regulatory bodies helping create a level playing field to nurture the internationalization process for their CCFs.

scholarly journals Nutrition education in medical school: the case of international medical students in China

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjnph-2020-000117
Author(s):  
William Kwame Amakye ◽  
Sladana Bozovic ◽  
Arafat Faraque ◽  
Maojin Yao ◽  
Jiaoyan Ren
Keyword(s):  
International Students ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
International Medical ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutrition Counselling ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Country Specific

ObjectiveTo assess the knowledge on country-specific nutrition situation, perceptions of the nutrition curricula and factors influencing capacity to offer nutrition guidance among medical students studying internationally in China compared with their home-country counterparts.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingsChina, Ghana, India and Montenegro.ParticipantsInternational medical students in China and medical students studying in their home countries of Ghana, India and Montenegro.Main measureAn online semistructured questionnaire was administered using WeChat for international students and Microsoft Forms for home-country medical students to assess students’ perceived knowledge and significance of nutrition, knowledge of country-specific nutrition situation, perceptions of the nutrition curricula and perceived capacity to offer nutrition counselling.ResultIn all, 190 medical students responded to the survey: 110 international students studying in China and 80 home-country students from Ghana (40), India (20) and Montenegro (20). Home-country students rated the importance of nutrition in health and disease development higher than international students (p<0.05). International students reported not having any specific nutrition courses while home-country students had nutrition courses as part of their curriculum. Only 8.2% of international students and 13.8% of home-country students were able to correctly mention any specific national nutrition guidelines of their home countries. Home-country students were more likely to provide correct nutrition recommendations for infants (χ²(3)=26.349; p=0.001), pregnancy (χ²(3)=9.793; p=0.007), lactating mothers (χ²(3)=9.112; p=0.011), diabetes (χ²(3)=13.619; p=0.001), hypertension (χ²(3)=12.022; p=0.002), overweight/obesity (χ²(3)=8.896; p=0.012) and undernutrition (χ²(3)=7.670; p=0.022) compared with international students. Practical nutrition courses, hours of nutrition education and how often students were asked nutrition-related questions tended to affect and predict the adequacy of nutrition education received and the perceived confidence for nutrition counselling.ConclusionInternational medical students in China are less familiar with the nutrition context in their respective home countries compared with their home-country counterparts. Medical schools in China that train significant numbers of international students need to support these students to become familiar with their respective countries’ nutrition contexts.

Home Country-Specific Determinants of Outward Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Economies

2020 ◽  
pp. 843-860
Author(s):  
Rıfat Karakuş
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Outward Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Outward Fdi ◽  
Total Labor ◽  
Country Specific

The outward foreign direct investments of developing economies have showed significant increase in recent years. Rising outward foreign direct investment stock of developing economies makes its determinants and consequences crucial. The aim of this study is to determine the home country specific determinants of outward FDI. For this purpose, a panel data analysis is performed with the data of BRICS and Next Eleven countries for the period from 1994 to 2014. The analysis results reveal that inward foreign direct investment, interest rates and technological capability of home country have positive influence and total labor force of home country has negative effect on outward FDI of developing economies.

scholarly journals Host country experience, institutional distance and location choice of Chinese MNEs

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Quer ◽  
Laura Rienda ◽  
Rosario Andreu ◽  
Si Miao
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Location Choice ◽  
Institutional Distance ◽  
Government Official ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Mnes ◽  
Country Specific

PurposeThe conventional wisdom suggests that the lack of prior host country-specific experience and a higher institutional distance deter multinational enterprises (MNEs) from entering a foreign country. However, past studies report that Chinese MNEs show an unconventional risk-taking behavior choosing foreign locations, where they have no prior experience or there is an increased institutional distance. Drawing on the institutional theory, the purpose of this paper is to argue that Chinese Government official visits to the host country may act as a risk-reduction device, thus providing an explanation for such an unconventional behavior.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop two hypotheses regarding how Chinese Government official visits moderate the impact of host country-specific experience and institutional distance on the location choice of Chinese MNEs. The authors test the hypotheses using a sample of investment location decisions by Chinese MNEs in Latin America.FindingsThe authors find that government official visits mitigate the lack of firm’s prior host country experience. However, only high-level government visits reduce institutional distance.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to the international business literature by analyzing how home country government diplomatic activities may pave the way of host country institutional environment for foreign MNEs from that home country. In addition, the authors provide an additional explanation for the unconventional risk-taking behavior of Chinese MNEs. Finally, the authors also contribute to a better understanding of the decision-making process of emerging-market MNEs entering other emerging economies.

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