From Peace-Keeping to Peace-Building: The United Nations and the Challenge of Intrastate War

2004 ◽  
pp. 141-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen G. Sens
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Intrastate War ◽  
The United Nations

The League of Nations between Scientific Knowledge and Political Dependence

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-202
Author(s):  
Dimitar Tyulekov ◽  
Ilko Drenkov ◽  
Jani Nikolla
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
Border Dispute ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Post War

The League of Nations sets strict professional frameworks that are subordinate to scientific knowledge and international law and respect, without any differences between small and big powers. The first chairman, Eric Drummond, who headed up to 1934, established a huge international prestige of the organization and achieved a number of successes in peace building. The League’s policy in the Balkans is revealed mainly through its relations with Albania and Bulgaria, which both joined the League in December 1920. The two countries rely on the international organization for the peaceful resolution of their political, minority and social problems. Under the supervision of the League of Nations, a number of agreements for voluntary and mutual exchange of people between Greece and Bulgaria are being concluded, which aims to soothe the Macedonian problem in Aegean Macedonia. Under her patronage are the agreements between Greece and Albania regulating the protection of Greek minorities and schools, as well as settling the border dispute between the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom and Albania in 1921. The rapid intervention of the United Nations suspended the Greek aggression on Bulgarian territory in the autumn of 1925 and prevented a possible new war. Dimitar Shalev's petitions from Skopje to the United Nations aim to achieve the Yugoslav state's humane treatment towards Bulgarian minorities within its borders, but political dependencies and overlapping contradictions are an obstacle to peaceful and sustainable political outcomes. In the second half of the 1930s, the League lost its initial prestige, and in the course of the emerging new global conflict it fell into political dependence, marking its collapse. Unresolved issues and contradictions, along with the harsh political post-war realities, quickly bury the League’s noble impetus.

scholarly journals Preventive diplomacy in international law and its implementation on the territories of former Yugoslavia

2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 112-140
Author(s):  
Maja Sahadzic
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Political Priority

The term preventive diplomacy was first used in the United Nations in the late fifties when Secretary General Dag Hammarskj?ld 'invented' it to describe the remaining function that the United Nations could apply in the bipolar system of international relations. Secretary General Boutros Boutros Ghali included it in the Agenda for Peace in 1992 putting it in the same rank with peace-keeping, peace?making and peace-building concepts, thus giving preventive diplomacy a high political priority. In this paper the author deals with the following questions: the impact of the Cold War on the emergence of preventive diplomacy, meaning of preventive diplomacy, international documents and institutions related to preventive diplomacy and the attempts to implement preventive diplomacy in the former Yugoslavia.

scholarly journals Fusion Energy for Peace Building - A Trinity Test-Level Critical Juncture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias G. Carayannis ◽  
John Draper ◽  
Bill Bhaneja
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Nuclear Fusion ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Innovation Ecosystem ◽  
Critical Juncture ◽  
Quintuple Helix ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Trinity

This article analyses the development of a ‘burning plasma’ fusion breakthrough, which could trigger a ‘Future Fusion Economy’ around 2040, and its implications for worsening conflicts and for peace-building. To do so, we apply Glenn D. Paige’s (2009) nonkilling global political science (NKGPS) conceptual framework, Carayannis and Campbell’s (2010) quintuple helix innovation ecosystem model, and recent path dependence theory. Nuclear fusion energy’s arrival will be a nearly unprecedented historical event. The closest parallel is the Trinity Test, which heralded the Atomic Age, the implications of which for perpetuating conflict and potentially for peace building were keenly understood at the time. As with fission, fusion energy will be weaponized as it possesses intrinsic benefits compared to fission in terms of safety and cost. However, the innovations that are leading to nuclear fusion energy are not taking place in a vacuum. Unlike the Trinity Test, which was conducted in secret in wartime without civilian or media contributions, fusion energy is being developed in peacetime in the public eye, including civil society, the global media, and social media, i.e., in a quadruple helix innovation ecosystem. Immediately following the Second World War, despite initial progress, the USSR rejected the US Baruch Plan to put atomic energy and weapons under the United Nations to stifle a nuclear arms race, due to an insufficient political imperative to cooperate. The result was the Cold War. However, the much cleaner fusion energy, once developed, can be rapidly applied to address climate change, via the quintuple helix, which incorporates socioecological interactions. As such, a global critical juncture is emerging in which a new normative nuclear order can be created via a ‘new Baruch Plan’, with the IAEA accelerating the development and commercialization of fusion energy, the United Nations working towards a Universal Global Peace Treaty, and humanity re-prioritising its goals.

The Conflictual Promises of the United Nations' Rule of Law Agenda: Challenges for Post-Conflict Societies

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Vig
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
National Ownership

AbstractThe role of UN missions in post-conflict societies has progressed through peace-keeping and peace-making to a more recent emphasis on peace-building. To accompany this new focus, the UN has articulated a rule of law agenda, two central components of which are promoting international norms and standards and facilitating national ownership. This paper explores the self-sanctioned role the UN has awarded itself in promoting the rule of law in post-conflict societies by exploring each one of these two central components and their interaction.Meritorious in their own right, the potential of these two components of the rule of law agenda may position the UN in situations where both cannot be satisfied contemporaneously. In implementing its rule of law agenda, the United Nations will likely come to face the prospect of a local authority seeking to differ from international norms and standards. In such circumstances, the UN's rule of law agenda makes conflictual promises. The choices and prioritization that the UN will be called upon to make in such circumstances will reveal much about how it conceptualizes its role in promoting the rule of law in post-conflict societies. This paper seeks to delineate the nature of the choices confronting the United Nations in pursuit of its rule of law agenda.

scholarly journals Knowledge-Based Issues for Aid Agencies in Crisis Scenarios

2013 ◽  
pp. 147-165
Author(s):  
Rajeev K. Bali ◽  
Russell Mann ◽  
Vikram Baskaran ◽  
Aapo Immonen ◽  
Raouf Naguib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
World Crisis ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Crisis Scenarios ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
International Aid Agencies

As part of its expanding role, particularly as an agent of peace building, the United Nations (UN) actively participates in the implementation of measures to prevent and manage crisis/disaster situations. The purpose of such an approach is to empower the victims, protect the environment, rebuild communities, and create employment. However, real world crisis management situations are complex given the multiple interrelated interests, actors, relations, and objectives. Recent studies in healthcare contexts, which also have dynamic and complex operations, have shown the merit and benefits of employing various tools and techniques from the domain of knowledge management (KM). Hence, this paper investigates three distinct natural crisis situations (the 2010 Haiti Earthquake, the 2004 Boxing Day Asian Tsunami, and the 2001 Gujarat Earthquake) with which the United Nations and international aid agencies have been and are currently involved, to identify recurring issues which continue to provide knowledge-based impediments. Major findings from each case study are analyzed according to the estimated impact of identified impediments. The severity of the enumerated knowledge-based issues is quantified and compared by means of an assigned qualitative to identify the most significant attribute.

Promoting Democratic Governance and Preventing the Recurrence of Conflict: The Role of the United Nations Development Programme in Post-Conflict Peace-Building

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS SANTISO
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Central America ◽  
Development Programme ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
United Nations Development Programme ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Nations Development

Promoting democracy and strengthening good governance have become core components of post-conflict peace-building initiatives of the United Nations (UN). An often overlooked dimension of the analysis of UN peace support operations has been the crucial role played by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) at the critical juncture linking peacekeeping to sustainable development. UN peace operations in Central America over the last decade have pioneered the organisation's involvement in the uncharted territory of post-conflict peace building. UNDP's Central American experience was the first step in the organisation's evolution away from providing traditional development assistance, towards playing an active and openly political role in post-conflict democracy building and governance reform. This new role of the UNDP has had dramatic repercussions on its mandate, administrative structures, corporate policies and operational strategies. The current institutional renewal of UNDP has its roots in its endorsement of democratic governance as essential dimensions of its mandate to promote sustainable human development. This article assesses the significance, promises and dilemmas of the governance agenda for UNDP and analyses the scope, nature and institutionalisation of democracy and governance programmes within UNDP, using Central America as a case study. It argues that the future of UNDP democracy assistance will largely depend on how successful it is at resolving the inherent tensions between democracy promotion and national sovereignty, while retaining its multilateral approach to peace and democracy.

scholarly journals The Two Faces Of Peace Building

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Harbottle ◽  
Eirwen Harbottle
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Way

Terminology, if not precisely defined, can lead to misinterpretation and misunderstanding. This has been the case in the way in which the United Nations has been using peacemaking, peacekeeping and, more recently, peacebuilding. Agenda for Peace, produced by the UN Secretary General in 1992 suffers from some ambiguity in this respect. For example, it refers to the military performing a peacemaking role. The military cannot make peace, that is the role of the diplomat or politician. All that the military can do is to allay, defuse and help to end the manifest violence so that the peacemaking process can better proceed in a stable and calm atmosphere.

scholarly journals Knowledge-Based Issues for Aid Agencies in Crisis Scenarios

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeev K. Bali ◽  
Russell Mann ◽  
Vikram Baskaran ◽  
Aapo Immonen ◽  
Raouf Naguib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
World Crisis ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Crisis Scenarios ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
International Aid Agencies

As part of its expanding role, particularly as an agent of peace building, the United Nations (UN) actively participates in the implementation of measures to prevent and manage crisis/disaster situations. The purpose of such an approach is to empower the victims, protect the environment, rebuild communities, and create employment. However, real world crisis management situations are complex given the multiple interrelated interests, actors, relations, and objectives. Recent studies in healthcare contexts, which also have dynamic and complex operations, have shown the merit and benefits of employing various tools and techniques from the domain of knowledge management (KM). Hence, this paper investigates three distinct natural crisis situations (the 2010 Haiti Earthquake, the 2004 Boxing Day Asian Tsunami, and the 2001 Gujarat Earthquake) with which the United Nations and international aid agencies have been and are currently involved, to identify recurring issues which continue to provide knowledge-based impediments. Major findings from each case study are analyzed according to the estimated impact of identified impediments. The severity of the enumerated knowledge-based issues is quantified and compared by means of an assigned qualitative to identify the most significant attribute.

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