Growth Factors in Developed Countries: A 1960–2019 Growth Accounting Decomposition

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly cancers, ranking amongst the top leading cause of cancer related deaths in developed countries. Features such as dense stroma microenvironment, abnormal signaling pathways, and genetic heterogeneity of the tumors contribute to its chemoresistant characteristics. Amongst these features, growth factors have been observed to play crucial roles in cancer cell survival, progression, and chemoresistance. Here we review the role of the individual growth factors in pancreatic cancer chemoresistance. Importantly, the interplay between the tumor microenvironment and chemoresistance is explored in the context of pivotal role played by growth factors. We further describe current and future potential therapeutic targeting of these factors.

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Railroad Impact in Backward Economies: Spain, 1850–1913

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050706000350 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 853-881 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Alfonso Herranz-Loncán

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Growth Accounting ◽

Railroad Transport ◽

Direct Contribution ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The Social

This article reassesses the economic impact of Spanish railroads in 1850–1913, which has usually been considered to be substantially higher than in the most developed countries on the basis of the social saving methodology. The application of growth accounting techniques shows, by contrast, that the direct contribution of railroads to economic growth was lower in Spain than in the United Kingdom, mainly due to the low importance that railroad transport had within Spanish GDP before 1913.

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APPLICATION OF THE GROWTH ACCOUNTING METHOD FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Journal of Business Economics and Management ◽

10.3846/16111699.2016.1173580 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 430-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Toma LANKAUSKIENĖ

Keyword(s):

Construction Industry ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Growth Accounting ◽

Intangible Capital ◽

Entire Group ◽

Knowledge Based ◽

Strong Position ◽

Methodological Problems ◽

Main Determinants ◽

Knowledge Based Capital

As the growth accounting method can suggest research benefits, this paper is dedicated to the application of the method in the construction industry. The lack of methodologies for the application of the method in the less developed countries has necessitated the design of the methodology presented in the paper. Once the methodology is composed, comparable results can be obtained on the fulfilment of international academic standards. The paper presents the main methodological problems faced by the author while working on the problem. In addition, it enables the identification of the proximate sources of growth as well as the performance of economic analysis from a comparative perspective of countries at different stages of development. The scientific merit of the paper – the entire group of intangible capital rather than only software will correspond to knowledge based capital. The results suggest that Lithuania is in a rather strong position in terms of productivity growth, but the same could not be said when considering the structure of its main determinants compared with the more developed countries.

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Growth factors and the primary cilium in BALB/c 3T3 cells

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100128432 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 830-831

Author(s):

R. W. Tucker ◽

N. S. More ◽

S. Jayaraman

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Primary Cilium ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Calcium Ionophore ◽

Growth Stimulation ◽

Calcium Ionophore A23187 ◽

Ionophore A23187 ◽

3T3 Cells ◽

Microtubule Depolymerization

The mechanisms by which polypeptide growth factors Induce DNA synthesis in cultured cells is not understood, but morphological changes Induced by growth factors have been used as clues to Intracellular messengers responsible for growth stimulation. One such morphological change has been the transient disappearance of the primary cilium, a “9 + 0” cilium formed by the perinuclear centriole in interphase cells. Since calcium ionophore A23187 also produced both mitogenesis and ciliary changes, microtubule depolymerization might explain ciliary disappearance monitored by indirect immunofluorescence with anti-tubulin antibody. However, complete resorption and subsequent reformation of the primary cilium occurs at mitosis, and might also account for ciliary disappearance induced by growth factors. To settle this issue, we investigated the ultrastructure of the primary cilium using serial thin-section electron microscopy of quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells before and after stimulation with serum.

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New insights into heparan sulphate biosynthesis from the study of mutant mice

Biochemical Society Symposium ◽

10.1042/bss0690047 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 69 ◽

pp. 47-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Catherine L. R. Merry ◽

John T. Gallagher

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Biosynthetic Pathway ◽

Heparan Sulphate ◽

Mutant Mice ◽

Gene Products ◽

Multiple Gene ◽

Adhesion Proteins ◽

Ligand Interactions

Heparan sulphate (HS) is an essential co-receptor for a number of growth factors, morphogens and adhesion proteins. The biosynthetic modifications involved in the generation of a mature HS chain may determine the strength and outcome of HS–ligand interactions. These modifications are catalysed by a complex family of enzymes, some of which occur as multiple gene products. Various mutant mice have now been generated, which lack the function of isolated components of the HS biosynthetic pathway. In this discussion, we outline the key findings of these studies, and use them to put into context our own work concerning the structure of the HS generated by the Hs2st-/- mice.

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