Discussion of “ Motion of Contact‐Load Particles at High Shear Stresses ” by Fidelia Nnadi and Kenneth C. Wilson (December, 1992, Vol. 118, No. 12)

1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-526
Author(s):  
Raúl Pacheco‐Ceballos
Author(s):  
H. Schmid-Schönbein ◽  
I. Rohling-Winkel ◽  
P. Blasberg ◽  
E. Jüngling ◽  
A. Wehmeyer ◽  
...  

ADP stemning from red blood has been shown to “activate platelets” producing shape change, as well as aggregation and release. However, the mode of release of ADP from intact RBC has never been established. Contrary to popular misconceptions, high shear stresses (τ) prevail during natural hemostatic plug formationin arteries and arterioles. Therefore, we tested ADP-release from RBC subjected for 5-100 msec in tube flow (τ-0-200N/m2) during passage through a hollow fiber (0 400 μm, L = 20 cm) with semipermeable walls (AMICON R). Samples from the fluid layer near the wall were ultrafiltered through it and became accessible for chemical analysis. Concentrations of K+, adenosine nucleotides (HPLC), and Hb (In the supernatant) before and after shear exposure were measured. At T > 50 N/m2T K+, adenosine nue Ieotides, and hemoglobin concentrations rose in the supernatant. Only K+ was higher in the u1 trafiltrate than in the latter, whereas total concentration of adenosine nucleotides were not different and hemoglobin did not permeate. There was no difference between the relative molar concentration of total adenosine nucleotides of hemoglobin, i.e. the nucleotides and hemoglobin content of 10-4 and 10-3 of all RBC were liberated. In the ultrafiltrate (ADP) > 2 χ 10-7 M/L, sufficient to activate platelets in the presence of Ca++.


1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J Wurzinger ◽  
R Opitz ◽  
P Blasberg ◽  
K Bialonski ◽  
H Schmid-Schönbein

The fact that high shear activates and damages platelets has been suspected to be a major cause of thromboembolism in artificial internal organs (AIO) or in arterial stenosis. In AIO wall shear stresses well above 50 Nm-2 have been computed to which blood cells are exposed for times in the order of milliseconds (ms). Unfortunately, the studies on this subject employing defined flow conditions operate with exposure times higher than 10 seconds. The pupose of the present study was to elucidate the effects of high shear exposure for ms upon platelet function (ADP induced platelet aggregation (PA), platelet procoagulant activity {PF- 3)) under heparin anticoagulation, which is also used in AIO.To apply shear rates ranging from 50 - 220 Nm-2 to heparinized PRP for defined exposure times between 7 - 700 ms a flow through Couette-viscometer was employed. Platelet factor 3 (PF-3) availability was estimated by using a modified Stypven time technique. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) liberation was taken as a measure for platelet destruction. All steps of the experimental procedure were carried out at 37°C.From our data we conclude that, in the presence of physiological calcium levels (heparin anticoagulation) shear stresses and exposure times that certainly occur in AIO are able to activate platelets and procoagulant potential of blood.


1976 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Braden ◽  
Ratna Perera

Six commercial fluoride gels have been studied, using a cone and plate viscometer. Also, the thickening agents have been analyzed using infrared spectroscopy. All gels showed stress thinning, which is the decrease of viscosity with shear rate. Such shear rate dependence is clinically convenient in that the gel will flow readily at the high shear stresses present when the gel is applied but will not flow readily under its own weight when on the tooth. Five materials containing hydroxyalkyl celluloses showed similar degrees of shear thinning. One material with a non-cellulosic thickener showed much more extreme stress thinning together with elastic behavior at low shear rates; such behavior may be clinically advantageous. All of the gels showed only slight temperature dependence of rheological properties.


Author(s):  
Yertay Mendygarin ◽  
Luis R. Rojas-Solórzano ◽  
Nurassyl Kussaiyn ◽  
Rakhim Supiyev ◽  
Mansur Zhussupbekov

Cardiovascular Diseases, the common name for various Heart Diseases, are responsible for nearly 17.3 million deaths annually and remain the leading global cause of death in the world. It is estimated that this number will grow to more than 23.6 million by 2030, with almost 80% of all cases taking place in low and middle income countries. Surgical treatment of these diseases involves the use of blood-wetted devices, whose relatively recent development has given rise to numerous possibilities for design improvements. However, blood can be damaged when flowing through these devices due to the lack of biocompatibility of surrounding walls, thermal and osmotic effects and most prominently, due to the excessive exposure of blood cells to shear stress for prolonged periods of time. This extended exposure may lead to a rupture of membrane of red blood cells, resulting in a release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma, in a process called hemolysis. Moreover, exposure of platelets to high shear stresses can increase the likelihood of thrombosis. Therefore, regions of high shear stress and residence time of blood cells must be considered thoroughly during the design of blood-contacting devices. Though laboratory tests are vital for design improvements, in-vitro experiments have proven to be costly, time-intensive and ethically controversial. On the other hand, simulating blood behavior using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is considered to be an inexpensive and promising tool to help predicting blood damage in complex flows. Nevertheless, current state-of-the-art CFD models of blood flow to predict hemolysis are still far from being fully reliable and accurate for design purposes. Previous work have demonstrated that prediction of hemolysis can be dramatically improved when using a multiphase (i.e., phases are plasma, red blood cells and platelets) model of the blood instead of assuming the blood as a homogeneous mixture. Nonetheless, the accurate determination of how the cells segregate becomes the critical issue in reaching a truthful prediction of blood damage. Therefore, the attempt of this study is to develop and validate a numerical model based on Granular Kinetic Theory (GKT) for solid phases (i.e., cells treated as particles) that provides an improved prediction of blood cells segregation within the flow in a microtube. Simulations were based on finite volume method using Eulerian-Eulerian modeling for treatment of three-phase (liquid-red blood cells and platelets) flow including the GKT to deal with viscous properties of the solid phases. GKT proved to be a good model to predict particle concentration and pressure drop by taking into account the contribution of collisional, kinetic and frictional effects in the stress tensor of the segregated solid phases. Preliminary results show that the improved segregated model leads to a better prediction of spatial distribution of blood cells. Simulations were performed using ANSYS FLUENT platform.


1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 365-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antón Santamaría ◽  
Gonzalo M. Guzmán

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