This study investigated the effects of subsurface drainage on the long-term performance of pavements. The Specific Pavement Study 1 (SPS-1) experiment of the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program (LTPP) was selected to extract performance data. Four types of cracking, rut depth, and International Roughness Index (IRI) were used as the performance indicators. Other relevant factors affecting the pavement performance were also considered: surface thickness, base type, base thickness, subgrade soil classification, total thickness, age, and climatic conditions. The significant factors to long-term performance were identified using two methods: exploratory data analyses and mixed-effects models (MEMs). Results from the analyses showed that drainage only substantially affected the transverse cracking (TC) and rutting and had little effect on the other performance indicators. Sections in the dry and non-freeze region had the best riding quality and exhibited the least alligator cracking, non-wheelpath longitudinal cracking (NWPLC), and TC, but this climatic condition worsened the wheelpath longitudinal cracking (WPLC). The use of drainage in sections from the wet-freeze (WF) region significantly retarded the development of distress. For drained sections, the base comprising an asphalt-treated base over a permeable asphalt-treated base (PATB) better sustained the smoothness and resisted rutting. For undrained sections, the asphalt-treated base was a superior alternative. Sections on sites with fine subgrade showed less WPLC, NWPLC, and TC, while those on coarse subgrade sites showed less alligator cracking and better riding quality. Sections on sites with fine subgrade showed less WPLC, NWPLC, and TC, while those on coarse subgrade sites showed less alligator cracking and better riding quality.
Seasonal Performance Evaluation of Pavement Base Using Recycled Materials