The role of secondary phase precipitation on grain boundary electrical activity in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) photovoltaic absorber layer material

Thermomechanically induced strain is a key variable producing accelerated carbide precipitation, sensitization and stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steels (SS). Recent work has indicated that higher levels of strain (above 20%) also produce transgranular (TG) carbide precipitation and corrosion simultaneous with the grain boundary phenomenon in 316 SS. Transgranular precipitates were noted to form primarily on deformation twin-fault planes and their intersections in 316 SS.Briant has indicated that TG precipitation in 316 SS is significantly different from 304 SS due to the formation of strain-induced martensite on 304 SS, though an understanding of the role of martensite on the process has not been developed. This study is concerned with evaluating the effects of strain and strain-induced martensite on TG carbide precipitation in 304 SS. The study was performed on samples of a 0.051%C-304 SS deformed to 33% followed by heat treatment at 670°C for 1 h.

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On the role of tin underlays for the prevention of thermal grooving in thin gold films

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100145030 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 732-733

Author(s):

Jin Young Kim ◽

R. E. Hummel ◽

R. T. DeHoff

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Free Surface ◽

Grain Boundary ◽

Beneficial Effect ◽

Failure Mechanism ◽

Failure Mechanisms ◽

Distinct Advantage ◽

Gold Films ◽

Gold Thin Film

Gold thin film metallizations in microelectronic circuits have a distinct advantage over those consisting of aluminum because they are less susceptible to electromigration. When electromigration is no longer the principal failure mechanism, other failure mechanisms caused by d.c. stressing might become important. In gold thin-film metallizations, grain boundary grooving is the principal failure mechanism.Previous studies have shown that grain boundary grooving in gold films can be prevented by an indium underlay between the substrate and gold. The beneficial effect of the In/Au composite film is mainly due to roughening of the surface of the gold films, redistribution of indium on the gold films and formation of In2O3 on the free surface and along the grain boundaries of the gold films during air annealing.

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GRAIN BOUNDARY ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF n-TYPE GERMANIUM

Le Journal de Physique Colloques ◽

10.1051/jphyscol:1988583 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 49 (C5) ◽

pp. C5-647-C5-652

Author(s):

N. TABET ◽

C. MONTY

Keyword(s):

Grain Boundary ◽

Electrical Activity

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The Role of Computer Modeling in Electrocardiography

Methods of Information in Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1634809 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 29 (04) ◽

pp. 282-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. van Oosterom

Keyword(s):

Electrical Activity ◽

Computer Modeling ◽

Body Surface ◽

Electrical Current ◽

The Body ◽

Volume Conductor ◽

Current Generator ◽

Cardiac Electrical Activity ◽

Source Models

AbstractThis paper introduces some levels at which the computer has been incorporated in the research into the basis of electrocardiography. The emphasis lies on the modeling of the heart as an electrical current generator and of the properties of the body as a volume conductor, both playing a major role in the shaping of the electrocardiographic waveforms recorded at the body surface. It is claimed that the Forward-Problem of electrocardiography is no longer a problem. Several source models of cardiac electrical activity are considered, one of which can be directly interpreted in terms of the underlying electrophysiology (the depolarization sequence of the ventricles). The importance of using tailored rather than textbook geometry in inverse procedures is stressed.

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Prediction and assessment of effective state of machinery surface layer at science intensive technologies use

Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering ◽

10.30987/article_5b536402f28fa1.99514191 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 (8) ◽

pp. 44-48

Author(s):

В. Бутенко ◽

V. Butenko

Keyword(s):

Surface Layer ◽

Quality Index ◽

Working Capacity ◽

Material Quality ◽

Layer Material ◽

Operation Characteristics

The assessment indices of surface layer effective state in machinery subjected to different ways of finishing are considered. The role of the dislocation restructurization process in the formation of operation characteristics of surface layer material quality and prediction of its working capacity is shown. A generalized quality index of multi-component functional layers formed on operation surfaces of machinery is described.

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