We prove that a
nonequilibrium inhomogeneous giant gas discharge is realized in the heliosphere with
huge values of the parameter <i>E</i>/<i>N</i>, which determines the temperature of
electrons. This quasi-stationary discharge determines the main parameters of
the weak solar wind (SW) in the heliosphere. In connection with the development of space
technologies and the human spacewalk, the problem of the nature of the SW is
acute. The study of the interference of gravitational and electrical potentials
at the Earth's surface began with the work of Hilbert 1600. Such polarization
effects – the interference of Coulomb and gravitational forces – have not been
studied well enough even in the heliosphere. Our article is devoted to this
problem. Pannekoek-Rosseland-Eddington
model do not take into account the important role of highly energetic running
(away from the Sun) electrons and, accordingly, the duality of electron fluxes. According to an alternative model formulated by we, highly energetic
(escaping from the Sun) electrons leave the Sun and the heliosphere, and weakly
energetic ones, unable to leave the Coulomb potential well (hole) – the
positively charged Sun and the heliosphere, return to the Sun. The weak
difference between the opposite currents of highly energetic (escaping from the
Sun) electrons and weakly energetic (returning to the Sun) electrons is
compensated by the current of positive ions and protons from the Sun – SW.
These dynamic processes maintain a quasi-constant effective dynamic charge of
the Sun and the entire heliosphere. At the same time, quasi-neutrality in the
Sun and heliosphere is well performed up to 10<sup>-36</sup>. According to
experiments and analytical calculations based on our model: 1) the plasma in
the corona is nonequilibrium; 2) the maximum electron temperature is T<sub>e</sub>
~ 1-2 million degrees; 3) T<sub>e</sub> grows from 1000 km away from the Sun
and 4) the role of highly energetic electrons escaping from the plasma leads to
a significant increase in the effective: solar charge and electric fields in
the heliosphere in relation to the Pannekoek-Rosseland-Eddington model. This is
due to the absence of a compensation layer that screens the effective charge of
the Sun. It is not formed at all due to the escape of highly energetic
electrons (as in a conventional gas discharge) in the entire heliosphere with
high temperatures exceeding the temperature of the Sun's surface. Thus, the
process of escape of highly energetic electrons forms the internal EMF of the
entire heliosphere. Interference of gravitational and Coulomb potentials in the
entire heliosphere is considered, it is being manifested in generation of two
opposite flows of particles: 1) that are neutral or with a small charge (to the
Sun), and 2) in the form of high-energy electrons (escaping from the positively
charged Sun) and a solar wind (from the Sun). Calculated values of the
registered ion parameters in the solar wind were compared with experimental observations. Reasons for generating the ring current in
inhomogeneous heliosphere and inapplicability of the Debye theory in describing
processes in the solar wind (plasma with current) are considered.
Parallel electric fields are inefficient drivers of energetic electrons in magnetic reconnection
