Predicting Neighborhood Decline within a Large Central City: An Application of Discriminant Analysis

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Fogarty
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Central City ◽  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Urban Planner ◽  
Discriminant Model ◽  
Policy Concern ◽  
The City

This paper investigates the use of discriminant analysis as an empirical technique for assisting the urban planner in predicting patterns of neighborhood change. A discriminant model estimated for ninety low-income census tracts within the city of Pittsburgh predicts 97% of upgrading income paths and 92% of downgrading paths over the period 1960 to 1970. Some form of the discriminant model would appear to be a useful guide to policymakers and a reasonable technique for limiting the areas of immediate policy concern.

scholarly journals Mapping and Territorial Risk Analysis of Hospital Admissions due to Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children (Brazil)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Coelho Pina ◽  
Luana Seles Alves ◽  
Maria Cândida de Carvalho Furtado ◽  
Ricardo Arcêncio Arcêncio ◽  
Ellen Cristina Gondim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Density Estimator ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

Abstract Background The concentration of child morbidity and mortality due to pneumonia in developing countries reflects the social inequities, which lead to greater exposure to risk factors and make access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease more difficult. This study aimed to map and assess the territorial risk for hospitalization due to Community-Acquired Pneumonia in children under 5 years of age. Methods Ecological study, carried out in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study population consisted of hospitalized children under the age of five, diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia, in Ribeirão Preto-São Paulo-Brazil, from 2012 to 2013. Data were collected in different databases, by a trained team, between March 2012 and August 2013 and from the 2010 Demographic Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The 956 urban census tracts were considered as the units of analysis. Descriptive statistics were performed for the sociodemographic characteristics, with the calculation of measures of absolute frequency and proportions for the categorical variables, using the Statistica software (12.0). The incidence of cases per 10,000 inhabitants was calculated by census tracts during the study period. For the identification of the spatial risk clusters, the Kernel density estimator and the Getis-Ord Gi* technique were measured from the Radius of the distance of 7,589 km, with p < .01, found using the Incremental Spatial Autocorrelation tool. Results The study included 265 children under the age of five, hospitalized due to community-acquired pneumonia. A concentration of cases was identified in the regions with greater social vulnerability (low income, poor housing conditions and homelessness), as well as a lower occurrence of cases in the most developed and economically privileged area of the city. The majority of the children lived in territories served by traditional primary healthcare units, in which the health surveillance and family and community focus are limited. Conclusions The results contribute to the comprehension of the social factors involved in child hospitalization due to pneumonia, based on the analysis of the spatial distribution, and address the interface with individual and institutional factors.

scholarly journals Fig. 7. Maps of census tracts in the City of Johannesburg district municipality. Census tracts are colored by relative street greenness (A, D), income (B) and race (C, E). The height of census tracts in D and E represents income. Empty space within the city represents non-residential areas that were not accounted for in the 2011 census.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zander S Venter ◽  
Charlie M. Shackleton ◽  
Francini Van Staden ◽  
Odirile Sebogoe ◽  
Vanessa A Masterson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Urban South ◽  
The City

<p>Urban green infrastructure provides ecosystem services that are essential to human wellbeing. A dearth of national-scale assessments in the Global South has precluded the ability to explore how political regimes, such as the forced racial segregation in South Africa during and after Apartheid, have influenced the extent of and access to green infrastructure over time. We investigate whether there are disparities in green infrastructure distributions across race and income geographies in urban South Africa. Using open-source satellite imagery and geographic information, along with national census statistics, we find that public and private green infrastructure is more abundant, accessible, greener and more treed in high-income relative to low-income areas, and in areas where previously advantaged racial groups (i.e. White citizens) reside.</p><br>

Analyzing the relationship between major public investments and neighborhood change in Atlanta

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Humphries ◽  
Kendra Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

As many of our residents can attest to personally, Atlanta’s population growth, from about 420,000 residents in 2010 to over 500,000 residents today, has been accompanied by demographic neighborhood change. In the Neighborhood Change Report released by the City in February 2021, we explore how major public investment and design goals are related to changes in where low-income and non-low-income residents live in the city.

scholarly journals Fig. 6. Maps of census tracts in the City of Cape Town district municipality. Census tracts are coloured by relative street greenness (A, D), income (B) and race (C, E). The height of census tracts in D and E represents income. Empty space within the city represents non-residential areas that were not accounted for in the 2011 census.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zander S Venter ◽  
Charlie M. Shackleton ◽  
Francini Van Staden ◽  
Odirile Sebogoe ◽  
Vanessa A Masterson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Urban South ◽  
The City

<p>Urban green infrastructure provides ecosystem services that are essential to human wellbeing. A dearth of national-scale assessments in the Global South has precluded the ability to explore how political regimes, such as the forced racial segregation in South Africa during and after Apartheid, have influenced the extent of and access to green infrastructure over time. We investigate whether there are disparities in green infrastructure distributions across race and income geographies in urban South Africa. Using open-source satellite imagery and geographic information, along with national census statistics, we find that public and private green infrastructure is more abundant, accessible, greener and more treed in high-income relative to low-income areas, and in areas where previously advantaged racial groups (i.e. White citizens) reside.</p>

Analyzing the relationship between major public investments and neighborhood change in Atlanta

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Humphries ◽  
Kendra Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

As many of our residents can attest to personally, Atlanta’s population growth, from about 420,000 residents in 2010 to over 500,000 residents today, has been accompanied by demographic neighborhood change. In the Neighborhood Change Report released by the City in February 2021, we explore how major public investment and design goals are related to changes in where low-income and non-low-income residents live in the city.

scholarly journals Fig. 7. Maps of census tracts in the City of Johannesburg district municipality. Census tracts are colored by relative street greenness (A, D), income (B) and race (C, E). The height of census tracts in D and E represents income. Empty space within the city represents non-residential areas that were not accounted for in the 2011 census.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zander S Venter ◽  
Charlie M. Shackleton ◽  
Francini Van Staden ◽  
Odirile Sebogoe ◽  
Vanessa A Masterson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Urban South ◽  
The City

<p>Urban green infrastructure provides ecosystem services that are essential to human wellbeing. A dearth of national-scale assessments in the Global South has precluded the ability to explore how political regimes, such as the forced racial segregation in South Africa during and after Apartheid, have influenced the extent of and access to green infrastructure over time. We investigate whether there are disparities in green infrastructure distributions across race and income geographies in urban South Africa. Using open-source satellite imagery and geographic information, along with national census statistics, we find that public and private green infrastructure is more abundant, accessible, greener and more treed in high-income relative to low-income areas, and in areas where previously advantaged racial groups (i.e. White citizens) reside.</p><br>

scholarly journals Fig. 6. Maps of census tracts in the City of Cape Town district municipality. Census tracts are coloured by relative street greenness (A, D), income (B) and race (C, E). The height of census tracts in D and E represents income. Empty space within the city represents non-residential areas that were not accounted for in the 2011 census.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zander S Venter ◽  
Charlie M. Shackleton ◽  
Francini Van Staden ◽  
Odirile Sebogoe ◽  
Vanessa A Masterson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Urban South ◽  
The City

<p>Urban green infrastructure provides ecosystem services that are essential to human wellbeing. A dearth of national-scale assessments in the Global South has precluded the ability to explore how political regimes, such as the forced racial segregation in South Africa during and after Apartheid, have influenced the extent of and access to green infrastructure over time. We investigate whether there are disparities in green infrastructure distributions across race and income geographies in urban South Africa. Using open-source satellite imagery and geographic information, along with national census statistics, we find that public and private green infrastructure is more abundant, accessible, greener and more treed in high-income relative to low-income areas, and in areas where previously advantaged racial groups (i.e. White citizens) reside.</p>

Spatial and Temporal Differences in Weekday Travel Durations Between Private-for-Hire Transportation Services and Transit in the City Center

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110197
Author(s):  
Baxter Shandobil ◽  
Ty Lazarchik ◽  
Kelly Clifton
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Network ◽  
Central City ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
City Center ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Transit Services ◽  
Level Information ◽  
The City

There is increasing evidence that ridehailing and other private-for-hire (PfH) services such as taxis and limousines are diverting trips from transit services. One question that arises is where and when PfH services are filling gaps in transit services and where they are competing with transit services that are publicly subsidized. Using weekday trip-level information for trips originating in or destined for the city center of Portland, OR from PfH transportation services (taxis, transportation network companies, limousines) and transit trip data collected from OpenTripPlanner, this study investigated the temporal and spatial differences in travel durations between actual PfH trips and comparable transit trips (the same origin–destination and time of day). This paper contributes to this question and to a growing body of research about the use of ridehailing and other on-demand services. Specifically, it provides a spatial and temporal analysis of the demand for PfH transportation using an actual census of trips for a given 2 week period. The comparison of trip durations of actual PfH trips to hypothetical transit trips for the same origin–destination pairs into or out of the central city gives insights for policy making around pricing and other regulatory frameworks that could be implemented in time and space.

scholarly journals Urban Policies and Large Projects in Central City Areas: The Example of Madrid (Spain)

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Dolores Brandis García
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central City ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Urban Policies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The City

Since the late 20th century major, European cities have exhibited large projects driven by neoliberal urban planning policies whose aim is to enhance their position on the global market. By locating these projects in central city areas, they also heighten and reinforce their privileged situation within the city as a whole, thus contributing to deepening the centre–periphery rift. The starting point for this study is the significance and scope of large projects in metropolitan cities’ urban planning agendas since the final decade of the 20th century. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the correlation between the various opposing conservative and progressive urban policies, and the projects put forward, for the city of Madrid. A study of documentary sources and the strategies deployed by public and private agents are interpreted in the light of a process during which the city has had a succession of alternating governments defending opposing urban development models. This analysis allows us to conclude that the predominant large-scale projects proposed under conservative policies have contributed to deepening the centre–periphery rift appreciated in the city.

scholarly journals Will Households Invest in Safe Sanitation? Results from an Experimental Demand Trial in Nakuru, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4462
Author(s):  
Rachel Peletz ◽  
Caroline Delaire ◽  
Joan Kones ◽  
Clara MacLeod ◽  
Edinah Samuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Price Point ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
The City ◽  
Experimental Demand

Unsafe sanitation is an increasing public health concern for rapidly expanding cities in low-income countries. Understanding household demand for improved sanitation infrastructure is critical for planning effective sanitation investments. In this study, we compared the stated and revealed willingness to pay (WTP) for high-quality, pour-flush latrines among households in low-income areas in the city of Nakuru, Kenya. We found that stated WTP for high-quality, pour-flush latrines was much lower than market prices: less than 5% of households were willing to pay the full costs, which we estimated between 87,100–82,900 Kenyan Shillings (KES), or 871–829 USD. In addition, we found large discrepancies between stated and revealed WTP. For example, 90% of households stated that they would be willing to pay a discounted amount of 10,000 KES (100 USD) for a high-quality, pour-flush latrine, but only 10% of households redeemed vouchers at this price point (paid via six installment payments). Households reported that financial constraints (i.e., lack of cash, other spending priorities) were the main barriers to voucher redemption, even at highly discounted prices. Our results emphasize the importance of financial interventions that address the sizable gaps between the costs of sanitation products and customer demand among low-income populations.

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