Calculation of lifetime net income per year (LTNI/year) of Australian Holstein cows to validate the Australian profit ranking of their sires. 1. Genetic analyses and prediction of LTNI/year for cows still in the herd

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Haile-Mariam ◽  
P. J. Bowman ◽  
M. E. Goddard
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Productive Life ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Relative Production ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Residual Correlations ◽  
Friesian Cows

Birth, calving, milk yield, somatic cell count (SCC) and culling data of 274 000 AI-bred Holstein Friesian cows that were born between 1990 and 1998 from ~3400 herds were used to calculate lifetime net income per cow per year (LTNI/year). The main objective of this study was to identify an early measure of LTNI/year so that data of cows that are still in the herd can be used for predicting LTNI/year of cows. LTNI/year of cows that are still in the herd was predicted from net income per year (NI/year) assuming cows are culled at the end of each lactation and other traits that are measured early in the life of cows. LTNI/year is defined as NI up to the end of parity 9 or culling or death of cows per year of productive life. On average maximum LTNI/year was attained by cows that completed seven lactations and LTNI/year of cows was the lowest if cows completed only one lactation. For cows that at least survived to second lactation LTNI/year increased with their NI/year at the end of the first parity and their relative production compared with their herdmates but decreased with the increase in average lactation SCC. The heritability of LTNI/year was 0.09 and had a genetic and residual correlation of 0.62 and 0.71, respectively, with productive life. The genetic correlation of LTNI/year with first-parity lactation protein and fat yield was high (~0.7 or above) but near zero with calving interval and lactation SCC. The genetic correlations between LTNI/year and NI/year up to the end of parity 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 0.84, 0.96, 0.99 and 1.0, respectively. The corresponding residual correlations were 0.55, 0.89, 0.96 and 0.98. The genetic correlation between actual and predicted LTNI/year based only on cows that did not complete their lifetime (cows still in the herd) were 0.93, 0.96, 0.98 and 0.99 by the end of the first, second, third and fourth parity, respectively. The corresponding residual correlations were lower at 0.54, 0.70, 0.80 and 0.86, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations between LTNI/year and NI/year based on calvings that happened 1 (1.0) to 4 (0.98) years earlier were unity. The corresponding residual correlations were slightly lower at 0.92 if the calvings that occurred 4 years ago and before were used, and near unity (0.98) if calvings that happened 1 year ago and before were used. In conclusion, the high genetic correlation (0.9 or above) between LTNI/year of cows and measures of lifetime NI/year based on cows that had a shorter opportunity to complete their lifetime suggests that genetic evaluation for LTNI/year is feasible even if some of the cows have incomplete lifetime data.

The influence of shade on milk production of Holstein-Friesian cows in a tropical upland environment

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Davison ◽  
BA Silver ◽  
AT Lisle ◽  
WN Orr
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Daily Milk ◽  
Friesian Cows

Sixteen Holstein-Friesian animals, comprising 8 multiparous cows and 8 first-lactation heifers, were divided into 2 equal groups which had access to either tree shade or no shade. All animals were in the first third of lactation and were subjected to treatment for 8 weeks in summer 1985. Average maximum monthly temperatures ranged from 26.2 to 28.22� over the experimental period. The provision of shade increased (P< 0.01) milk yield; however, there was a significant (P<0.05) interaction between response to shade and cow parity. Mean daily milk yields for multiparous cows were 19.2 and 17.2 kg/cow (P< 0.01) and 16.3 and 15.9 kg/cow (P> 0.05) for heifers in the shade and no shade groups respectively. Cows without shade incurred a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in solids-not fat yield, lactose percentage and lactose yield, and a significant increase ( P < 0.05) in somatic cell count. The composition of milk from heifers without shade was no different from that from heifers with shade. Rectal temperature was higher (P < 0.01) in animals without shade (mean 40.0�C) than in animals with shade (mean 39.4�C). The highest mean maximum rectal temperature of 41.6�C was recorded in the noshade group. It was concluded that shade is essential if milk yield and milk composition are to be maximised in this environment.

Estimates of genetic parameters for fertility traits of Australian Holstein-Friesian cattle

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Haile-Mariam ◽  
J.M. Morton ◽  
M.E. Goddard
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Fertility Data ◽  
National Selection ◽  
Fertility Traits ◽  
Friesian Cattle ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractFertility data collected on 17131 Holstein-Friesian cows from 158 dairy herds in Australia were used to estimate heritabilities for and correlations among several fertility traits using a sire model. Pregnancy rate (PR), survival (Surv), calving interval (CI), calving to first service interval (CFS), insemination rate (coded as 1 if a cow received a service or 0 otherwise) (InsemR) and first service non-return rate (FNRR) were the main traits analysed in a six-trait model. Among the traits, CFS had the highest h2 (0·13) and FNRR had the lowest h2 (0·01). Genetic correlations among the traits were higher than environmental correlations in all cases. The genetic correlations of PR with InsemR, FNRR, CFS, CI and Surv were 0·74, 0·79 and -0·84, -0·57, and 0·67, respectively. The genetic correlation between InsemR and CFS was high (-0·95) indicating that they almost measure the same trait. Analysis of data from cows that did not return to service after the first service despite not being pregnant (so-called ‘phantom’ cow syndrome) showed that the syndrome is not heritable. The relatively high genetic correlation of PR with traits such as CI and Surv that can be extracted from milk recording data and CFS, FNRR and InsemR that can be obtained from mating data suggests that routine genetic evaluation of sires for daughter fertility based on these traits can be implemented in national selection programs.

ACCOUNTING FOR COVARIANCES AMONG TEST DAY MILK YIELDS IN DAIRY COWS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. ALI ◽  
L. R. SCHAEFFER
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Gamma Function ◽  
Polynomial Function ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Quadratic Polynomial ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
Observation Vector ◽  
Daily Milk ◽  
Friesian Cows

Daily milk weights from 1006 lactations on 775 Holstein-Friesian cows in 42 herds and monthly test-day weights from 102 540 lactations on 73 717 cows in 17 481 herd-year-seasons were used to study the influence of covariances among milk weighings within a lactation on three models for describing the shape of the lactation curve for individual cows. The models included a gamma function, an inverse quadratic polynomial function, and a regression model of yields on day in lactation (linear and quadratic) and on log of 305 divided by day in lactation (linear and quadratic). For each model, several variance-covariance matrices of the observation vector were used. Models were compared on the basis of squared deviations of predicted versus actual milk weights and on the correlation between predicted and actual weights through the lactation averaged over cows. Better predictions were observed when covariances among test-day yields were ignored while models could be ranked regression model, gamma function, and inverse quadratic polynomial function in order of best to worst. Heritability estimates for the parameters of the various models and for 305-d milk yield ranged from 0.11 to 0.30. Genetic correlations were estimated and predictions of correlated responses in 305-d yield from selecting on various combinations of parameters from each method were computed. The best combination of parameters of the gamma function gave a relative efficiency of 74.7% as compared to selection for 305-d yield alone. Key words: Lactation curves, covariances, Holsteins

Genetic analyses of profit for Australian dairy cattle

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Visscher ◽  
M. E. Goddard
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Net Income ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Yield Trait ◽  
Dairy Bulls ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractDirect genetic evaluation of profit was investigated as an alternative to a selection index. PROFk was defined as (net income)/(food requirement) until the start of the kth lactation, for k = 2 to 6. Genetic parameters such as heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for profit traits for Australian Holstein-Friesian and jersey dairy cattle. Heritabilities for profit until the start of a given lactation were moderate, ranging from 0·12 (for profit until the start of the second lactation in Holsteins) to 0·31 (profit until the start of the third lactation in Jerseys). Genetic correlations between profit traits were very high, and approached unity for most pairs of traits, so that profit early and late in herd life were nearly the same trait. Genetic correlations between profit traits and stayabilities until a given lactation were high, ranging from 0·71 to 0·97. Genetic correlations between profit traits and first lactation milk yield traits were approximately 0·80 for Holsteins and 0·90 for Jerseys. A single analysis urns carried out for lifetime profit using all data, including cows that were still in the herd at the time of data collection. Heritabilities were 0·13 for Holsteins and 0·19 for Jerseys. Genetic correlations between lifetime profit and first lactation yields were high. For the selection of dairy bulls, a multivariate analysis on a milk yield trait (e.g. protein yield) and profit until the last known lactation of bulls' progeny was suggested.

scholarly journals Genetic and non genetic effects for lactation curve traits in Holstein-Friesian cows

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 450-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Boujenane ◽  
B. Hilal
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
Genetic And Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Calving Season ◽  
Friesian Cows

Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic and non genetic effects on lactation curve traits determined by the incomplete gamma function of Wood (1967) for Holstein-Friesian cows in Morocco. Data analysed included 49262 monthly records of the test-day milk yield from 4888 lactations of 3932 cows at their 1st, 2nd or 3rd parity collected during 1990 and 1999 in 232 herds enrolled in the official milk recording. In general, lactation curve traits (A, B, C, peak time [Tmax], peak milk yield [Ymax], persistency and 305 day milk yield [MY305]) were affected by herd, parity, age at calving, season of calving and year of calving. Heritability estimates were low and varied from 0.01 for parameter A to 0.10 for Ymax. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among traits varied from −0.79 to 1.00 and from −0.80 to 0.96, respectively. Genetic correlations between MY305 and parameter C were negative, but those between MY305 and all the other lactation curve traits were positive. It was concluded that selection for high peak milk yield and persistency will result in higher 305 day milk yield.

scholarly journals Effect of Age at First Calving on First Lactation Milk Yield, Lifetime Milk Production And Longevity of Cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Anna Sawa ◽  
Kamil Siatka ◽  
Sylwia Krężel-Czopek
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Considerable Decrease ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Productive Life ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractThe objective of the study was to analyse the effect of age at first calving (AFC) on first lactation milk yield, lifetime milk production and longevity of dairy cows. The study used SYMLEK data on the milk yield and culling of 111 857 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows from the active population in Pomerania and Kujawy, Poland. The cows first calved during 2000–2009 and were used or removed from the herds until the end of 2015. For each cow, calculations were made of first lactation milk yield, lifetime milk production, first lactation milk yield per milking day, lifetime milk production per day, as well as the lifespan (length of productive life, duration of rearing) and number of calvings. Based on the age at first calving (duration of the rearing period), the cows were grouped as follows: ≤22, 22.1–24.0, 24.1–26.0, 26.1–28.0, 28.1–30.0, 30.1–32.0 and >32 months. The GLM, CORR PEARSON and FREQ procedures from the SAS package were used in the statistical calculations. Considering first lactation milk yield, lifetime milk production and longevity, it is recommended that the cows should be first milked between 22.1 and 26.0 months of age. This is supported by the approximately 24% higher lifetime milk production in relation to the latest calving cows (P<0.01). Late commencement of the first milking (especially after 28 months) causes a considerable decrease in the first lactation milk yield and lifetime milk production, shortens the productive period, reduces the number of calvings, and increases culling rate due to low milk yield and udder diseases.

scholarly journals Estimation of heritability and genetic correlations between milk yield and linear type traits in primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Ismael ◽  
Dobrila Janković ◽  
Dragan Stanojević ◽  
Vladan Bogdanović ◽  
Snežana Trivunović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Friesian Cows

RELATIONSHIPS OF TEAT CONFORMATION AND UDDER HEIGHT TO MILK FLOW RATE AND MILK PRODUCTION IN HOLSTEINS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. MOORE ◽  
SUSAN HIGGINS ◽  
B. W. KENNEDY ◽  
E. B. BURNSIDE
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Friesian Cows

Teat conformation characteristics, udder height, total milking yield, 2-min yield, 2-min yield adjusted for the linear and quadratic effects of total milking yield, and 305-day milk and fat yields were recorded on 377 Holstein-Friesian cows in 18 herds. Simple relationships of teat conformation measures and udder height to milk flow rate and production traits which were significant (P < 0.05) were as follows. Mean 2-min, total milking, and 305-day milk yields were lower for plumb front teats than for front teats that were not plumb. Cows with plumb rear teats also had lower total milking yields. Cows with cylindrical teats, both front and rear, had lower total milking yields than cows with funnel teats. Teat length was positively correlated with total milking, 305-day milk and 305-day fat yields. Teat diameter measures taken at proximal, medial and distal locations of the teat were positively correlated with all production traits, and rear teat diameter measures were positively correlated with 2-min yield. Udder height was positively correlated with adjusted 2-min yield and negatively correlated with total milking, 305-day milk and 305-day fat yields. Least squares analyses, which corrected for the effects of herd, age of cow at calving, and stage of lactation, were conducted, and significant (P < 0.05) effects were as follows. Cows with cylindrical teats produced 0.7–0.8 kg less total milk at milking than cows with funnel teats. Rear teat diameter was more highly related to milk production than front teat diameter. Proximal and distal diameter of the rear teat was positively associated with all three production traits, and medial rear teat diameter was positively associated with total milking and 305-day milk yields. Also, proximal diameter of the rear teat had a positive relationship with 2-min yield. Total milking yield was positively influenced by front teat proximal and medial diameters, but medial diameter had a negative effect on adjusted 2-min yield. Udder height influenced all traits. High udders had relatively higher milk flow rates but lower milk and fat production. Each centimetre increase in udder height was associated with a 46-kg decrease in 305-day milk. Heritabilities of 2-min yield, adjusted 2-min yield, 305-day milk yield and 305-day fat yield were 0.17, 0.27, 0.18, and 0.50, respectively.

Quantitative secretion and maximal secretion capacity of retinol, β-carotene and α-tocopherol into cows' milk

1999 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
SØREN KROGH JENSEN ◽  
ANNA KIRSTIN BJØRNBAK JOHANNSEN ◽  
JOHN E. HERMANSEN
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Secretory Capacity ◽  
Friesian Cows

Changes in the contents of retinol, α-tocopherol and β-carotene in plasma, milk and milk fat from 38 Holstein–Friesian cows were followed during their first lactation, and the quantitative and kinetic relationships for secretion of α-tocopherol and β-carotene from blood into milk were determined. The cows were assigned to three groups such that all cows in the same group had the same sire. Milk yield and milk fat content differed with stage of lactation, but not according to sire. The plasma concentrations of retinol, α-tocopherol and β-carotene differed with stage of lactation; in addition, retinol and β-carotene concentration also differed according to sire. The concentrations of all three vitamins in milk and milk fat differed according to sire and stage of lactation. Furthermore, the total secretion of retinol, α-tocopherol and β-carotene into milk (expressed as mg/d) differed with sire and stage of lactation. The quantitative secretion of α-tocopherol and β-carotene from blood into milk followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics for active transport across membranes. Values of maximum secretory capacity Vmax and the half-rate constant Km for both α-tocopherol and β-carotene varied according to sire. Overall means for Vmax for α-tocopherol and β-carotene were 32·4 and 27·5 mg/d. Thus, the daily secretion of α-tocopherol and β-carotene is limited in quantity, and is independent of the yields of milk and milk fat. It follows that continuing breeding and management systems that focus solely on increasing milk and milk fat yield will result in a steady dilution in the milk fat of these vitamins and antioxidants important for the immune defence of the cows and oxidative stability of milk products. The genetic variation found offers the possibility of utilizing these variations in breeding systems.

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