Contract bonus systems to encourage biosecurity adoption on small-scale broiler farms in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Sagung Putri Komaladara ◽  
Ian Patrick ◽  
Nam Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Productivity Improvement ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Economic Constraints ◽  
Improve Production Efficiency

Ongoing economic losses in the poultry industry, due to endemic diseases such as highly pathogenic avian influenza and Newcastle disease, ensure that biosecurity adoption on small-scale broiler farms remains a priority for Indonesia. However, given their economic constraints and the nature of the market for their products, these smallholders need to be convinced that there is an economic benefit to them from investing in biosecurity. As the majority of smallholders manage their birds under a contract, these contract companies not only need to be involved in the discussion but, if they are not prepared to assist directly in assisting with improved biosecurity, need to ensure that the conditions of the contract do encourage this smallholder investment. Every contract includes price and performance bonuses and, although the nature of these vary between contract companies, they are designed to encourage productivity improvement. This study evaluates existing contract bonus systems in six major contract companies in Indonesia and their capacity to encourage investment in biosecurity. Results indicated that the price bonus plays a significant role in providing additional smallholder income. If higher than expected sale prices are obtained, contracts with companies 3, 5 and 6 ensure that a greater proportion of this price is passed on to smallholders. Contracts 2, 4, and 6 provide farmers with higher performance bonuses, indicating that these companies encourage farmers to improve production efficiency. Overall estimates after the initial year of biosecurity investment show improvements in returns, where farmers can receive up to USD 2.73 for every dollar invested in biosecurity.

scholarly journals Effects of Microcredit on the Financial Performance of Small Scale Cooking Oil Processors in Central Malawi

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Lovemore Mtsitsi ◽  
Joseph K. Dzanja ◽  
Sera Gondwe ◽  
Bonet C. Kamwana
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Equity Ratio ◽  
Improve Production Efficiency

<p>The study was conducted to determine the effect of microcredit on financial performance of small scale cooking oil processors in central Malawi. Adopting a mixed research approach, the DuPont identity was used to compare the financial strengths and weaknesses between businesses that acquired a microcredit and those that did not. First, the study found that small scale cooking oil processing is a profitable business, regardless of their status in microcredit acquisition. However, microcredit had mixed effects on the financial performance of businesses. Microcredit improved the level of business capital for the businesses translating into better production efficiency, competitiveness and acquisition of a market share thus positively contributing to financial performance. On the other hand, microcredit increased the debt equity ratio hence increasing the businesses’ risk of default. The study recommends the businesses to further improve production efficiency and net asset turnovers. In addition, small and medium scale businesses ought to prudently contract microcredit in order to enhance their financial performance whilst checking for their risk of financial distress.</p>

scholarly journals Gas-permeable ethylene bags for the small scale cultivation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and other viruses in embryonated chicken eggs

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara B Hamilton ◽  
Deirdre E Daniels ◽  
William A Sosna ◽  
Eric R Jeppesen ◽  
Julie M Owells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza H5n1 ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Influenza H5n1 ◽  
Embryonated Chicken

scholarly journals Overall Equipment Effectiveness Analysis Using Discrete Event Simulation at Table Tennis Table Manufacturer

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Yuniaristanto Yuniaristanto ◽  
Iqbal Wahyu Saputra ◽  
Muhammad Hisjam
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Discrete Event Simulation ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Event Simulation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Rate ◽  
Production Losses ◽  
Improve Production Efficiency

To measure the performance of the production process, an efficiency calculation is performed using the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) method. OEE can measure various production losses and identify potential developments that can be carried out in a production process. This research is expected to be an input to improve production efficiency. The results of overall equipment effectiveness are then performed using Discrete Event Simulation, which built using STELLA Architect. The result shows that their overall equipment effectiveness scores are below the company goals, and performance rate is their lowest score. These simulation results are expected to be a basis for improvements in the production division, especially at Table Tennis Table Manufacturer.

scholarly journals Role of vaccination-induced immunity and antigenic distance in the transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (114) ◽  
pp. 20150976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Sitaras ◽  
Xanthoula Rousou ◽  
Donata Kalthoff ◽  
Martin Beer ◽  
Ben Peeters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Escape Mutants

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 epidemics in poultry cause huge economic losses as well as sporadic human morbidity and mortality. Vaccination in poultry has often been reported as being ineffective in preventing transmission and as a potential driving force in the selection of immune escape mutants. We conducted transmission experiments to evaluate the transmission dynamics of HPAI H5N1 strains in chickens vaccinated with high and low doses of immune escape mutants we have previously selected, and analysed the data using mathematical models. Remarkably, we demonstrate that the effect of antigenic distances between the vaccine and challenge strains used in this study is too small to influence the transmission dynamics of the strains used. This is because the effect of a sufficient vaccine dose on antibody levels against the challenge viruses is large enough to compensate for any decrease in antibody titres due to antigenic differences between vaccine and challenge strains. Our results show that at least under experimental conditions, vaccination will remain effective even after antigenic changes as may be caused by the initial selection in vaccinated birds.

scholarly journals Genotypic diversity of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 2182-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Ming Zhao ◽  
Kennedy F. Shortridge ◽  
Maricarmen Garcia ◽  
Yi Guan ◽  
Xiu-Feng Wan
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Outbreaks

Besides enormous economic losses to the poultry industry, recent H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) originating in eastern Asia have posed serious threats to public health. Up to April 17, 2008, 381 human cases had been confirmed with a mortality of more than 60 %. Here, we attempt to identify potential progenitor genes for H5N1 HPAIVs since their first recognition in 1996; most were detected in the Eurasian landmass before 1996. Combinations among these progenitor genes generated at least 21 reassortants (named H5N1 progenitor reassortant, H5N1-PR1–21). H5N1-PR1 includes A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996(H5N1). Only reassortants H5N1-PR2 and H5N1-PR7 were associated with confirmed human cases: H5N1-PR2 in the Hong Kong H5N1 outbreak in 1997 and H5N1-PR7 in laboratory confirmed human cases since 2003. H5N1-PR7 also contains a majority of the H5N1 viruses causing avian influenza outbreaks in birds, including the first wave of genotype Z, Qinghai-like and Fujian-like virus lineages. Among the 21 reassortants identified, 13 are first reported here. This study illustrates evolutionary patterns of H5N1 HPAIVs, which may be useful toward pandemic preparedness as well as avian influenza prevention and control.

scholarly journals Immunization with Plant-Expressed Hemagglutinin Protects Chickens from Lethal Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Challenge Infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (22) ◽  
pp. 12002-12010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donata Kalthoff ◽  
Anatoli Giritch ◽  
Katharina Geisler ◽  
Ulrike Bettmann ◽  
Victor Klimyuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

ABSTRACT Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a striking disease in susceptible poultry, which leads to severe economic losses. Inactivated vaccines are the most widely used vaccines in avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccination programs. However, these vaccines interfere with the serological detection of wild-type AIV infections in immunized populations. The use of vaccines that allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA strategy) would stop current stamping-out policies. Therefore, novel vaccination strategies are needed to allow improved protection of animals and humans against HPAI virus (HPAIV) infection. The presented study analyzed for the first time the immunogenic capacity of plant-expressed full-length hemagglutinin (rHA0) of HPAIV H5N1 in several vaccine formulations within the highly relevant host species chicken. We were able to express plant-expressed rHA0 at high levels and could show that, when administered with potent adjuvants, it is highly immunogenic and can fully protect chicken against lethal challenge infection. Real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and serological tests demonstrated only marginally increased virus replication in animals vaccinated with plant-derived rHA0 compared to animals immunized with an inactivated reference vaccine. In addition, the use of plant-expressed rHA0 also allowed an easy serological differentiation of vaccinated from AIV-infected animals based on antibodies against the influenza virus NP protein.

scholarly journals An update of H5N1 viruses: Are they still a threat to Australia?

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Gavin JD Smith ◽  
Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are now endemic in poultry over much of Asia and in areas of Africa. The continued presence of the virus has led to repeated outbreaks in poultry, with associated economic losses, and also to increased cases of human infection. In this article we summarise the continuing evolution and activity of these H5N1 viruses.

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