The effect of temperature stress on grain development in wheat

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Asana ◽  
RF Williams
Keyword(s):  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Stable Characteristic

Experiments were conducted in controlled environments to determine the effects of high temperatures on grain development and yield in wheat. Two Australian and three Indian cultivars of wheat were exposed, from a week after anthesis until maturity, to "day" temperatures of 25, 28, and 3l°C, and "night" temperatures of 9 and 12°C. There was a mean reduction in yield of 16%' for the 6° rise in day temperature, but the cultivars did not differ significantly in their response to these temperatures. There were no significant effects of night temperature on grain weight, but stem weight was less at 12°C. Senescence was hastened only slightly by high day temperature, and there were no differential effects between cultivars in this respect.In a subsidiary experiment one Indian and five Australian cultivars were subjected to three day-night temperature regimes (24/19°, 27/22°, and 30/25°C). Highly significant but complex interactions were established between temperature regime and cultivar. A growth analysis for the Australian cultivars Ridley and Diadem indicated that the developing grain of Ridley had a greater capacity for growth than that of Diadem from the earliest stage. This, together with the confirmation of grain size as a very stable characteristic for all the varieties, points to the developmental and synthetic activity of the grain as an important determinant of grain yield. The relevance of this study to the production of wheat in India is briefly discussed.

A method for quantifying the effect of temperature treatments on plant quality

2000 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARINA I. SYSOYEVA ◽  
TATJANA G. KHARKINA
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Plant Quality ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Precise Analysis ◽  
Plant Characteristics

A method that allows the effect of temperature treatments on plant quality to be quantified is described. The proposed method is based on the analysis of temperature regions for plant quality characteristics and enables an easier and more precise analysis of the influence of day and night temperature on plant growth and development. Plant quality may be evaluated by the combination of any number of plant characteristics. The proposed method can assist growers in determining what temperature regimes are necessary to produce acceptable-quality crops on specified days.

The effect of high temperature regimes or short periods of water stress on development of small fruiting saltana vines

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
D McEAlexander
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Poor fruit set of sultanas in the Murray Valley is sometimes attributed to excessively high temperatures around flowering time. Experiments with small fruiting sultana vines in pots suggest that water stress is the more important factor. Fruit set was significantly less when a 3-day period of water stress was imposed at flowering or 1, 2, or 4 weeks after flowering, but not when it was imposed 6 weeks after flowering. Three days with maximum temperatures above 45°C at or 1 week after flowering did not reduce fruit set when ample water was supplied. When controlled environments combining day temperatures between 21 and 30°C with night temperatures between 19 and 25° were used, no significant differences in fruit set were found, although shoot growth increased with increasing night temperature. Shoot elongation slowed down during periods of applied water stress but recovered, when the stress was ended, to a rate greater than that of plants which had not been stressed.

Temperature Effects on Translocation Patterns of Several Herbicides within Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
Jack Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Rhizome Growth ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Increasing Temperature

A growth cabinet study was conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature on the distribution of several herbicides in quackgrass. Uniformly labeled14C-sucrose and the radiolabeled herbicides glyphosate, sethoxydim, cloproxydim, the butyl ester of fluazifop, the methyl ester of haloxyfop, and the ethyl ester of quizalofop were applied to quackgrass grown at three day / night temperature regimes (10/5, 20/15, and 30/25 C). Seven days after treatment the plants were harvested, lyophilized, and later sectioned, mapped, and oxidized in preparation for14C quantification. Quackgrass rhizome growth was more vigorous at 20/15 than 30/25 or 10/5 C. of the herbicides tested, haloxyfop was the most inhibitory to rhizome growth. Temperature increases from 10/5 to 20/15 or from 20/15 to 30/25 C resulted in more translocation to shoots. Increasing temperature had various effects on translocation to rhizomes depending on the chemical applied. At all three temperature regimes, more14C was recovered from distal than basal buds in plants treated with14C-sethoxydim. In contrast, at all three temperature regimes, similar amounts of14C were recovered from the distal and basal buds of plants treated with 14-C-sucrose.

scholarly journals (188) Evaluation of Edamame Cultivars in Central Pennsylvania

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031A-1031
Author(s):  
Elsa Sánchez ◽  
Kathleen Kelley ◽  
Lynn Butler
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Plant Compensation ◽  
Soybean Plants

Eight edamame [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars were evaluated in the field in 2002, 2003, and 2004 to determine their suitability for growing in central Pennsylvania. Each cultivar was direct seeded and data collected included plant populations (percentage of stand) and marketable yields. Plant populations ranged from less than 1% to 81% and, with one exception in 2002, were below 80%. Eighty percent plant populations or higher are considered optimal. Based on sub-optimal plant populations, none of the edamame cultivars evaluated in the field were determined to be suitable for direct seeding in central Pennsylvania. The effect of temperature on seedling emergence, and therefore, plant populations was then studied. Four of the edamame cultivars used in the field trial were evaluated in growth chambers programmed with varying day/night temperature regimes. Seedling emergence varied by cultivar and was generally below 80% with two exceptions. When grown in a 21.1 °C day/15.6 °C night temperature regime, `Butterbeans' and `Early Hakucho' exceeded 80% seedling emergence. These methods could be used to produce transplants; however, the economic feasibility of doing so should first be evaluated. In the field trial, conclusions on marketable yields were unattainable because soybean plants are known to compensate in yield for plants missing in sub-optimal plant populations. Plant compensation and sub-optimal plant populations rendered yield comparisons between cultivars questionable. The issue of sub-optimal seedling emergence and plant population needs to be studied further before suitability of growing these edamame cultivars in central Pennsylvania can be determined.

Effects of Higher Temperatures, Photoperiod and Seed Vernalisation on Development in Two Spring Wheats

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
M Zajac
Keyword(s):  
Published Data ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Source Limitation ◽  
Long Photoperiod ◽  
Short Days

The intention of this work was to examine to what degree development in wheat is modified by increased temperature when other environmental factors are also varied. The genotypes used were an early season wheat, Hartog, and a closely related mid-season line, Late Hartog. Plants were grown throughout in temperature regimes of 25/15�C or 17/7�C and photoperiods of 9, 11, 13 or 15 h with 9 h of natural summer radiation. Seeds were vernalised for 0, 2 or 4 weeks. Increased temperature extended the thermal time to ear emergence, particularly in Late Hartog, and particularly under short days after plants had been vernalised for 4 weeks. Phyllochron intervals on the main shoot were increased by higher temperature, as were spikelet numbers in Late Hartog under long photoperiod. However, in Hartog and in Late Hartog exposed to short days, spikelet numbers were reduced by increased temperature. Long seed vernalisation significantly reduced leaf and spikelet number in Late Hartog but only at the higher temperature. Fewer spikelets were produced per leaf at short photoperiod. The apparently complex interactions between temperature, photoperiod, genotype, and seed vernalisation on development are explained in terms of their effects on the timing of floral initiation and the related numbers of primordia accumulated on the apex at that stage. We hypothesise that, in the absence of source limitation, delays in floral initiation such as occur through shortening of photoperiod can increase numbers of leaves and spikelets, though at a decreasing rate with increasing delay. When source is limiting, as under higher temperature and unchanged or reduced radiation, long delays result in a greater reduction in the rate of production of organs and their final number. We further propose that much of the change may be associated with the interplay between the plastochron and phyllochron intervals. Published data are examined to show that high temperatures delay ear emergence in other genotypes both in controlled environments and in the field.

scholarly journals Temperature Factor Affecting the Abscission Response of Mature Fruit and Leaves to CMN-Pyrazole and Ethephon in `Hamlin' Oranges

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Jacqueline K. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Ethephon Treatment

The effect of temperature on the ability of 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMNP) and ethephon to induce ethylene evolution and abscission of mature fruit and leaves was determined using 3-year-old potted `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees in environment-controlled growth rooms in seasons 2001-02 and 2002-03. Ethylene evolution and abscission of CMNP or ethephon-treated fruit and ethephon-treated leaves were highly temperature dependent. Fruit detachment force (FDF) and fruit ethylene evolution were not affected by application of ethephon at 200 mg·L-1 or CMNP at 200 mg·L-1 when air temperature was 10 °C for ethephon treatment or ≤15.6 °C for CMNP treatment. However, ethylene evolution of CMNP or ethephon-treated fruit increased sharply, and FDF decreased drastically as temperature increased from 10 to 26.7 °C for ethephon treatment or from 15.6 to 26.7 °C for CMNP treatment. Several 10 hour day/14 hour night temperature regimes were explored to determine the effect of varying daily and nightly temperatures on efficacy and ethylene evolution. At least 3 days of exposure to 21/10 °C were required for CMNP to effectively loosen fruit, whereas only one day of exposure to 26.7/15.6 °C was enough to induce similar changes. At 21/10 °C, CMNP significantly reduced FDF to<25 N and markedly enhanced fruit ethylene evolution, regardless of interruption by 1 day of low temperature at 10/10 °C in the first 5 d after application. Ethephon had no significant effect on leaf ethylene evolution and leaf abscission when temperature was 10 °C, but caused a marked increase in both leaf ethylene evolution and leaf abscission as temperature increased from 10 to 26.7 °C. CMNP did not stimulate leaf ethylene evolution and leaf abscission regardless of temperature. Chemical names used: 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1 H-Pyrazole (CMNP); 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon).

scholarly journals Edamame Production as Influenced by Seedling Emergence and Plant Population

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 672-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Sánchez ◽  
Kathleen Kelley ◽  
Lynn Butler
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Growth Chambers

Eight edamame (Glycine max) cultivars were evaluated in the field in 2002, 2003, and 2004 to determine suitability for growing in central Pennsylvania. Data collection included plant populations (percent stand), marketable and unmarketable yields and edamame pod and bean quality indicators. Plant populations varied by year and cultivar and were generally below 80%. The effect of temperature on seedling emergence, and therefore plant populations, was evaluated for four edamame cultivars by using growth chambers programmed with varying day/night temperature regimes. Seedling emergence varied by cultivar and was generally below 80% with two exceptions. When grown in a 70/60 °F day/night temperature regime, `Butterbeans', and `Early Hakucho' exceeded 80% seedling emergence. In the field trial, plant populations affected marketable yields. Pod and bean quality were dependent on cultivar. Results indicated that `Butterbeans', `Early Hakucho', `Green Legend', `Shironomai', `Butterbaby', and `Lucky Lion' appear promising for growing in Pennsylvania based on pod and bean quality. However, the issue of poor seedling emergence and plant populations presents a major constraint to commercial production and needs to be studied further.

Effect of temperature on the development of two annual medics

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 909 ◽  
Author(s):  
NM Clarkson ◽  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Data ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum ◽  
Daily Increments ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Medicago Scutellata ◽  
Field Temperature ◽  
Annual Medics

Development of two annual medics (Medicago scutellata cv. Robinson and M. truncatula cv. Jemalong) was recorded under four controlled day/night temperature regimes of 12/5°, 18/11°, 24/17° and 30/23°C. Equations expressing the fractional daily increments of development as a function of daily mean temperatures were derived from the results. From these equations and field temperature data, predictions of development in the field were compared with observations from 24 serial monthly plantings at Warwick in southern Queensland. Predictions were satisfactory for all stages from planting to first mature pod for cv. Robinson and for all stages except flowering for cv. Jemalong. Inclusion of a vernalization constraint with daily minimum temperatures improved the prediction of flowering, but unknown factors delayed this stage in plantings of cv. Jemalong from January to April.

scholarly journals Physiology of Sugar-Cane VII. Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod Duration, and Diurnal and Seasonal Temperature Changes on Growth and Ripening

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
KT Glasziou ◽  
TA Bull ◽  
MD Hatch ◽  
PC Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Period Duration

Independent and interaction effects of day and night temperature, photo-period duration, and diurnal thermoperiodicity were studied on sugar-cane grown under controlled environments. During the first 3 months of growth, day and night temperature effects were mainly additive, but at 6 months the interaction effects of all variables were numerous and complex. Many of the interaction effects could be attributed to increased responses to constant-temperature regimes with a 12-hr photoperiod. No evidence for thermoperiodicity requirements was found.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON STERILITY OF TWO CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY SYSTEMS IN RAPE (Brassica napus L.)

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHEGONG FAN ◽  
B. R. STEFANSSON
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

The effect of temperature on two cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) systems in rape (Brassica napus L.) was investigated. These were the nap CMS system with cytoplasm which occurs in most Canadian cultivars and the pol CMS system with cytoplasm from the cultivar Polima. The day/night temperature regimes used were 22/16, 26/20 and 30/24 °C. Two floral characteristics, anther type and stamen length, were influenced by temperature treatments. Male sterility of both CMS systems was expressed consistently at the lowest temperature. The nap male-sterile plants became partially sterile at the second temperature and fully fertile at the highest temperature. The pol male-sterile plants were more stable and became partially sterile only at the highest temperature.Key words: Rape, Brassica napus L., CMS, temperature

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