The effect of high temperature regimes or short periods of water stress on development of small fruiting saltana vines

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
D McEAlexander
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Poor fruit set of sultanas in the Murray Valley is sometimes attributed to excessively high temperatures around flowering time. Experiments with small fruiting sultana vines in pots suggest that water stress is the more important factor. Fruit set was significantly less when a 3-day period of water stress was imposed at flowering or 1, 2, or 4 weeks after flowering, but not when it was imposed 6 weeks after flowering. Three days with maximum temperatures above 45°C at or 1 week after flowering did not reduce fruit set when ample water was supplied. When controlled environments combining day temperatures between 21 and 30°C with night temperatures between 19 and 25° were used, no significant differences in fruit set were found, although shoot growth increased with increasing night temperature. Shoot elongation slowed down during periods of applied water stress but recovered, when the stress was ended, to a rate greater than that of plants which had not been stressed.

The effect of temperature stress on grain development in wheat

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Asana ◽  
RF Williams
Keyword(s):  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Stable Characteristic

Experiments were conducted in controlled environments to determine the effects of high temperatures on grain development and yield in wheat. Two Australian and three Indian cultivars of wheat were exposed, from a week after anthesis until maturity, to "day" temperatures of 25, 28, and 3l°C, and "night" temperatures of 9 and 12°C. There was a mean reduction in yield of 16%' for the 6° rise in day temperature, but the cultivars did not differ significantly in their response to these temperatures. There were no significant effects of night temperature on grain weight, but stem weight was less at 12°C. Senescence was hastened only slightly by high day temperature, and there were no differential effects between cultivars in this respect.In a subsidiary experiment one Indian and five Australian cultivars were subjected to three day-night temperature regimes (24/19°, 27/22°, and 30/25°C). Highly significant but complex interactions were established between temperature regime and cultivar. A growth analysis for the Australian cultivars Ridley and Diadem indicated that the developing grain of Ridley had a greater capacity for growth than that of Diadem from the earliest stage. This, together with the confirmation of grain size as a very stable characteristic for all the varieties, points to the developmental and synthetic activity of the grain as an important determinant of grain yield. The relevance of this study to the production of wheat in India is briefly discussed.

Promotion of flowering in potted Piceaengelmannii (Perry) grafts: effects of heat, drought, gibberellin A4/7, and their timing

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Ross
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Gibberellin Metabolism ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Needle Water Potential

Young, potted grafts ofPiceaengelmannii were moved into a 30:20 °C (day:night) heated polyethylene house at different stages of lateral shoot elongation; and there they were subjected to low, moderate, or severe drought stress with and without branch applications of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7). The critical time for promoting flowering by high temperature was the late stage of slow shoot elongation, whereas for drought it was during early and rapid shoot growth. Each treatment inhibited flowering at the time the other was maximally effective and the effective treatment period for GA4/7 appeared to include that both for high temperature and drought. In contrast to drought, optimally timed heat treatment did not retard shoot elongation, nor did it result in a decreased needle water potential relative to well-watered grafts outdoors. It appears that heat and drought promote flowering through different mechanisms, albeit mechanisms which may be mediated, at least in part, through their influence on gibberellin metabolism. Advantages of indoor-potted orchards over conventional soil-based orchards for accelerating the breeding and production of genetically improved P. engelmannii seeds are discussed.

scholarly journals (431) Evaluation of Anti-transpiration Organic Materials on Strawberry Performance

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1076A-1076
Author(s):  
Sorkel Kadir ◽  
Said Ennahli ◽  
Ben Glass
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Significant Difference

Interactive effects of different temperature regimes and anti-transpiration organic materials, Surround WP (kaolinite clay) and Raynox (sun-protectant), on two strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) cvs. Chandler and Sweet Charlie were investigated under controlled environmental conditions. Newly planted strawberries treated with Surround and Raynox were subjected to 20/15, 30/25, and 40/35 °C (day/night) temperature regimes and 16 day/8 night photoperiod in growth chambers for 42 d. Photosynthesis (A) and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) were measured at 7-d intervals during the experiment. Plants treated with Raynox displayed greater resistance to high temperature (40/35 °C) compared to those treated with Surround. Net photosynthesis of both cultivars decreased significantly with time at 40/35 °C. There was no significant difference in photosynthetic rate between the two cultivars. Nevertheless, there was difference in plant biomass between the cultivars. Raynox provided more protection against high temperature, specifically in reducing stomatal conductance and limiting transpiration, than Surround.

scholarly journals Growth, flowering and fruiting in tomatoes in relation to temperature, cycocel and GA.

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
A.A. Abdalla ◽  
K. Verkerk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
High Temperature Regime ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Dark Green

The effects were assessed of CCC and GA on tomatoes grown either under a high temperature regime (35 degrees day and 25 degrees C. night) or at normal temperatures (22 degrees and 18 degrees ). CCC (0.4%) was applied to the soil in the pots either 2 days after transplanting or at the start of flowering; G A was applied by dipping the first truss in GA (50 p.p.m.). CCC greatly retarded the growth rate of the stems of the plants under both temperature regimes; this effect persisted for about 17 and 24 days under the high and normal temperature regimes, respectively. With plants grown at high temperatures CCC applied at the start of flowering greatly reduced flower shedding and slightly increased the fruit set and fruit development of hand-pollinated flowers. With plants grown at normal temperatures, however, the effects of CCC were slight. CCC-treated plants were sturdy with dark-green leaves which remained green longer, especially under the high temperature regime. More N accumulated in the tissues of plants grown at high temperatures than at normal temperatures, and the N content of the latter plants was considerably increased by CCC treatment. The root development of the CCC-treated plants was much more extensive than that of the untreated plants. The numbers of seeds in the hand-pollinated fruit were not affected by CCC, but at high temperatures there were considerably less seeds than at low temperatures. GA enhanced fruit set of the high-temperature plants, but the fruits were small and seedless. GA also accelerated fruit ripening by 2 and 3 weeks in the plants grown at high and normal temperatures, respectively.-Agric. Univ., Wageningen. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Flower Production, Fruit Set, and Physiology of Bell Pepper during Elevated Temperature and Vapor Pressure Deficit

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Flower Production

High temperature reduces fruit set in bell pepper [Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum (Grossum Group)], and reduction of pepper productivity, resulting from high temperature, may be a direct effect of temperature or an indirect effect of water stress induced by increased vapor pressure deficits (VPDs) at high temperature. We evaluated responses of plant growth, reproduction, net photosynthesis (PN), chlorophyll fluorescence, predawn respiration, leaf water potential, and stomatal conductance of `Ace' and `Bell Boy' bell pepper to elevated temperature (33 °C) with increased VPD (2.1 kPa) or elevated temperature with no increase in VPD (1.1 kPa). VPD had no effect on flower number or fruit set and did not adversely influence the physiological processes measured. Therefore, deleterious effects of high temperature on pepper fruit set does not appear to be temperature induced water stress, but is more likely a direct temperature response. Elevated temperature decreased fruit set but not flower production. Gas exchange measurements suggest failure to set fruit was not due to reduced leaf photosynthesis.

Influence of high temperature during pre- and post-anthesis stages of floral development on fruit-set and pollen germination in peanut

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pagadala V. Vara Prasad ◽  
Peter Q. Craufurd ◽  
Vijay G. Kakani ◽  
Timothy R. Wheeler ◽  
Kenneth J. Boote
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Sterility ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Controlled Environments

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crops are often exposed to day temperatures > 35°C for short periods duringflowering, resulting in lower yields. Research was conducted to study and quantify the effects of short episodes (1– 6 d) of high temperatures during the pre- and post-anthesis stages of floral development on fruit-set, pollen viability, germination and tube growth. Plants of peanut cv. ICGV-86015 were grown in controlled environments at 28/22°C (day/night). High daytime air temperature treatments ranging from 28 (control) to 48°C were imposed at different times between 6 d before anthesis (DBA) and 6 d after anthesis (DAA) for 1, 3 or 6 d. Floral buds or flowers were tagged at different stages to determine fruit-set. Exposure to bud (tissue) temperature ≥ 39°C for 1 d significantly reduced fruit-set compared to the control at 28°C, and the magnitude of the reduction varied with stage of floral development. Floral buds were most sensitive to high temperature at 4 DBA and at anthesis, coinciding with micro-sporogenesis and pollination or fertilisation, respectively. The critical bud temperature at these stages was 33°C, above which fruit-set was reduced by 6% °C –1 . Lower fruit-set due to high temperatures at pre-anthesis and anthesis stages were due to pollen sterility and retarded pollen tube growth, respectively.

scholarly journals Pollen Viability and Fruit Set of Tomato Genotypes under Optimumand High-temperature Regimes

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref A. Abdul-Baki ◽  
John R. Stommel
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Heat Tolerant ◽  
Tomato Genotypes

Heat-tolerant and -sensitive Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. genotypes were grown in the greenhouse under optimum- (27/23C, day/night) and high-temperature (35/23C) stress regimes. Heat tolerance levels in the genotypes were established by determining percent fruit set at high and optimum temperatures. Under optimum temperature, fruit set ranged from 41% to 84% and from 45% to 91% in the heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant genotypes, respectively. Under high temperature, no fruit set in the most heat-sensitive genotypes. Fruit set in the heat-tolerant genotypes ranged from 45% to 65%. In vitro germination and tube growth of pollen taken from genotypes grown under optimum temperature conditions were determined before and after subjecting the pollen to 45C for 1, 2, and 4 hours. The response of pollen to heat treatments was genotype dependent and not a general predictor of fruit set under high-temperature stress.

scholarly journals Substrate Acidification by Geranium: Temperature Effects

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Taylor ◽  
Paul V. Nelson ◽  
Jonathan M. Frantz
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Substrate Ph ◽  
Tissue Phosphorus

Sudden pH decline (SPD) describes the situation where crops growing at an appropriate pH rapidly (within 1–2 weeks) cause the substrate pH to shift downward one to two units. ‘Designer Dark Red’ geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey) were grown in three experiments to assess possible effects of temperature on SPD. The first experiment tested the effect of four day/night temperature regimes (14 °C day/10 °C night, 18 °C day/14 °C night, 22 °C day/18 °C night, and 26 °C day/22 °C night) on substrate acidification. At 63 days after transplanting (DAT), substrate pH declined from 6.8 to 4.6 as temperature increased. Tissue phosphorus (P) of plants grown at the highest three temperatures was extremely low (0.10%–0.14% of dry weight), and P stress has been reported to cause acidification. It was not possible to determine if the drop in substrate pH was a singular temperature effect or a combination of high temperature and low P. To resolve this, a second experiment tested a factorial combination of the three highest temperatures from the first experiment and five preplant P rates (0, 0.065, 0.13, 0.26, or 0.52 g·L−1 substrate). Regardless of tissue P concentrations, which ranged from deficient to above adequate, substrate pH decreased with increasing temperature. At 63 DAT, in the 0.065 and 0.13 P treatments, tissue P was deficient and pH decreased with increasing temperature from 5.6 to 4.7 and 5.9 to 4.7, respectively. In the 0.26 P treatment, tissue P was adequate at the lowest temperature and there was no acidification. At the mid- and highest temperatures, tissue P was deficient and statistically equivalent, yet pH decreased to 5.2 and 4.7, respectively. In the highest P treatment, tissue P levels were unaffected by temperature, above adequate, and pH declined with each increase in temperature from 6.5 to 5.0. The results at 63 DAT once more showed that temperature acted independent of tissue P and caused geraniums to acidify the substrate. In the third experiment, the amount of acidity produced by roots of plants grown at the two highest temperatures used in the first two experiments was quantified. Plants grown at the higher temperature produced 28% more acid per gram dry root. The results herein indicate that high temperature can induce SPD by geranium.

scholarly journals Physiology of Sugar-Cane VII. Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod Duration, and Diurnal and Seasonal Temperature Changes on Growth and Ripening

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
KT Glasziou ◽  
TA Bull ◽  
MD Hatch ◽  
PC Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Period Duration

Independent and interaction effects of day and night temperature, photo-period duration, and diurnal thermoperiodicity were studied on sugar-cane grown under controlled environments. During the first 3 months of growth, day and night temperature effects were mainly additive, but at 6 months the interaction effects of all variables were numerous and complex. Many of the interaction effects could be attributed to increased responses to constant-temperature regimes with a 12-hr photoperiod. No evidence for thermoperiodicity requirements was found.

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