The effect of saline water ingestion on water turnover rates and tritiated water space in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Jones ◽  
BJ Potter ◽  
CSW Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Water Space

Tritiated water has been used to compare the water turnover rates and water spaces in sheep which had become accustomed to consuming 1.3 % salt water with those of sheep allowed to drink fresh water. The sheep drinking the saline water (mean body weight 42.0 kg) had mean turnover rates of 207 ml/kg/day compared with 90.3 ml/kg/day for sheep drinking fresh water (mean body weight 38.3 kg). The sheep on salt water revealed a mean tritiated water space of 27.5 kg while that of the sheep on fresh water was 23.5 kg.

scholarly journals Estimation of water turnover rates of captive West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) held in fresh and salt water

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Ortiz ◽  
G.A. Worthy ◽  
F.M. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
West Indian ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Trichechus Manatus ◽  
Sea Grass ◽  
Experimental Treatments

The ability of West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) to move between fresh and salt water raises the question of whether manatees drink salt water. Water turnover rates were estimated in captive West Indian manatees using the deuterium oxide dilution technique. Rates were quantified in animals using four experimental treatments: (1) held in fresh water and fed lettuce (N=4), (2) held in salt water and fed lettuce (N=2), (3) acutely exposed to salt water and fed lettuce (N=4), and (4) chronically exposed to salt water with limited access to fresh water and fed sea grass (N=5). Animals held in fresh water had the highest turnover rates (145+/−12 ml kg-1 day-1) (mean +/− s.e.m.). Animals acutely exposed to salt water decreased their turnover rate significantly when moved into salt water (from 124+/−15 to 65+/−15 ml kg-1 day-1) and subsequently increased their turnover rate upon re-entry to fresh water (146+/−19 ml kg-1 day-1). Manatees chronically exposed to salt water had significantly lower turnover rates (21+/−3 ml kg-1 day-1) compared with animals held in salt water and fed lettuce (45+/−3 ml kg-1 day-1). Manatees chronically exposed to salt water and fed sea grass had very low turnover rates compared with manatees held in salt water and fed lettuce, which is consistent with a lack of mariposia. Manatees in fresh water drank large volumes of water, which may make them susceptible to hyponatremia if access to a source of Na+ is not provided.

The use of saline water for irrigating rice in northern Australia

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (33) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Soil Conductivity ◽  
Restricted Use ◽  
Reproductive Phases

A pot trial to assess the effect of salt water on growth and yield of rice in the Northern Territory of Australia was conducted in 1962-63. Two varieties were irrigated with three levels of salinity for varied durations in either the establishment or reproductive phases. Plant emergence was significantly depressed by soil conductivities in excess of 4 m-mhos/cm at 25�C. The restricted use of up to 3000 p.p.m. total soluble salts from 10 days after emergence and of up to 6000 p.p.m. from 20 days after emergence, followed by fresh water, had no effect on flowering time, vegetative or grain yields. The application of 3000 and 6000 p.p.m. total soluble salts in the reproductive phase reduced mean panicle number and grain yield of both varieties and straw yield of one variety. Use of saline water in the establishment phase followed by fresh water and drainage, reduced soil conductivity. In the reproductive phase it nullified the effect of previous fresh water flushing and tended to increase soil conductivity above original levels.

Rates of Water Turnover in Marsupials and Eutherians: a Comparative Review With New Data on the Tasmanian Devil.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Tasmanian Devil ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sarcophilus Harrisii

Water turnover rates of Tasmania devils, Sarcophilus harrisii, were measured under standardized conditions by use of tritiated water. Total body water of lactating females was lower than in non- lactating animals, while water turnover rates per kilogram were not significantly different, due to a higher rate constant for lactating animals. Mean water turnover rates were considerably higher than predicted from other marsupial studies. Statistical analysis of data from 13 species of marsupial and 27 eutherian species showed habitat to have a far greater effect on standard water turnover rate than phylogeny.

Water content and water turnover in beef cattle

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
PH Springell
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
The Mean

Twenty-four steers, comprising British (Hereford and Hereford x Shorthorn), Zebu (Africander), and Zebu cross (British x Brahman or Africander) breeds, were either maintained on pasture, or yarded and fed on diets of a low and a high nutritional value. Tritiated water was injected into the animals on five occasions at intervals of 3 months. The body water content and the water turnover rate were calculated, and some of the sources of variation defined. Observed differences in the water content are attributable to nutritional factors rather than to breed differences. The mean body water content ranged from 615 to 809 ml/kg fasting body weight, where the higher values were associated with a poor diet. The mean half-life of tritiated water was lower in summer (as low as 58 hr) than in winter (up to 128 hr) in grazing and well-fed yarded steers. On a poor diet, however, the half-life in yarded cattle remained high and almost constant throughout the year, dropping to below 100 hr on only a single occasion. Occasionally the half-life was breed dependent, but generally no significant differences between breeds could be found. While mean turnover rates of up to 7.1 ml kg-1 hr-1 were found in better-fed cattle in summer, the value in poorly fed animals was almost constant throughout the year at about 3.3 ml kg-1 hr-1. There was, however, a winter minimum in the well-fed yarded and grazing groups. The turnover rate was also influenced by breed only to a limited extent. The results are interpreted in the light of their possible significance in the adaptation to a tropical environment, and in relation to their value in predicting the body composition.

Measurement of the milk intake of reindeer and caribou calves using tritiated water

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
P. E. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Water Turnover

The relation between water turnover and milk intake of five reindeer and caribou calves was determined using the tritium dilution technique. The results indicate that mean turnover rates of tritiated water of male calves from birth to 4 weeks of age increased from 1.44 to 1.65 liters per day, and that caloric intake ranged from about 3500 to 4100 kcal/day.

The Effects of Prolactin and Divalent Ions on the Permeability to Water of Fundulus Kansae

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. W. POTTS ◽  
W. R. FLEMING
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Divalent Ions ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Ovine Prolactin

1. Measurements have been made of the rate of exchange of tritiated water in both intact and hypophysectomized Fundulus kansae in a variety of media. 2. Hypophysectomy reduces the rate of exchange in fresh water. 3. Low doses (30 mu) of ovine prolactin stimulate water turnover in hypophysectomized fish in fresh water. 4. The rate of exchange declines in both intact and hypophysectomized animals with increasing salinity. 5. Experiments with synthetic solutions show that the decline in the rate of exchange in sea water and in higher salinities is due mainly to the effects of calcium ions. 6. Fishes maintained in synthetic sea water containing a low concentration of calcium have both a higher rate of exchange of tritiated water and a higher drinking rate than fish in normal sea water.

The effect of dehydration on Sudanese desert sheep and goats

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. El-Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYChanges in body weight and body temperature were observed in Sudanese desert sheep and goats, which had been subjected to the summer sun (20 °C min. to 42 °C max.), given water normally and then deprived of water for 3 days. Tritiated water was also used to measure total body water and water turnover in these animals together with measurements of plasma and extracellular space, intracellular fluid volume and blood osmolality. The body weight and the size of the fluid compartments decreased in the two species at varying degrees associated with haemoconcentration. The extent of some changes was more marked in sheep than in goats, suggesting better adaptation of the former species to desert life.

Lung changes and incidence of respiratory arrest in rats after aspiration of sea and fresh water

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis F. J. Halmagyi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Respiratory Arrest ◽  
Fluid Administration ◽  
Lung Weight ◽  
Intratracheal Administration ◽  
Cervical Vagotomy

Some effects of intratracheal administration of 0.1 ml/100 gm body weight of fresh and sea water were studied in intact and vagotomized rats. No local changes were seen in the lungs after fresh water inhalation. A marked increase in lung weight and intra-alveolar hemorrhages developed following the aspiration of sea water. Fatal respiratory arrest occurred in some cases of salt water and cold fresh water inhalation. Bilateral cervical vagotomy prior to the intratracheal fluid administration failed to affect the incidence of respiratory arrest. Submitted on November 30, 1959

The effect of route of dosing and method of estimation of tritiated water space on the determination of total body water and the prediction of body fat in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. W. Smith ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

SUMMARYEight mature female sheep were offered a ration which maintained body weight constant during a 20-week period. During the final 10 weeks a comparison was made in each animal of the pattern of equilibration and urinary losses of tritiated water during 8 h after dosing by four different routes. These were intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraruminal and a combination of the intraperitoneal and intraruminal routes. Tritiated water spaces were calculated from (a) the 8-h plasma specific activity and (b) by extrapolation to zero time of the plasma specific activities during the 7 days after injection. At the end of the experiment the fat and water contents of the bodies of the sheep were determined directly.Complete equilibration of tritiated water between plasma and rumen water was not achieved in all animals 8 h after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection but was when the rumen was primed by the combination of intraperitoneal and intraruminal dosing. After intraruminal dosing equilibration was not achieved in any animal within 8 h of dosing.Urinary losses of marker were lower after intraruminal dosing but otherwise averaged 4–5 % of the dose/1 urine. This was equivalent to 0·3–6·7% of the dose for individual sheep.Errors resulting from incomplete equilibration and urinary loss of marker did not influence the efficiency of prediction of total body water from tritiated water space. The multiple correlation coefficient relating body fat with empty body weight and its water content was very high (r = 0·99). Errors introduced into this relationship by the inclusion of gut water in the prediction equations were apparently of a similar magnitude to those resulting from the errors in the estimation of tritiated water space.The extrapolation method for the determination of tritiated water space was shown to have the same accuracy as equilibration techniques under these controlled dietary conditions.

Prediction of body compostion of sheep from tritiated water space and body weight—tests of published equations

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
General Application ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Healthy Sheep ◽  
Water Space

SUMMARYThe body composition of parasite-infected sheep and of healthy sheep of various body weights and breeding was predicted from tritiated water (TOH) space and body weight using previously published regression equations. Results agreed well with body composition determined by analysis of the minced carcass though a small bias existed in some groups. It is concluded that the equations have a general application to the prediction of body composition in sheep.

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