The use of saline water for irrigating rice in northern Australia

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (33) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Soil Conductivity ◽  
Restricted Use ◽  
Reproductive Phases

A pot trial to assess the effect of salt water on growth and yield of rice in the Northern Territory of Australia was conducted in 1962-63. Two varieties were irrigated with three levels of salinity for varied durations in either the establishment or reproductive phases. Plant emergence was significantly depressed by soil conductivities in excess of 4 m-mhos/cm at 25�C. The restricted use of up to 3000 p.p.m. total soluble salts from 10 days after emergence and of up to 6000 p.p.m. from 20 days after emergence, followed by fresh water, had no effect on flowering time, vegetative or grain yields. The application of 3000 and 6000 p.p.m. total soluble salts in the reproductive phase reduced mean panicle number and grain yield of both varieties and straw yield of one variety. Use of saline water in the establishment phase followed by fresh water and drainage, reduced soil conductivity. In the reproductive phase it nullified the effect of previous fresh water flushing and tended to increase soil conductivity above original levels.

scholarly journals An advantageous level of irrigation water salinity for wheat cultivation

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Mojid ◽  
KFI Murad ◽  
SS Tabriz ◽  
GCL Wyseure
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salinity Level ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity

Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Shatabdi) to irrigation water of five salinity levels was investigated at the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) farm with a view to search for a possible advantageous salinity level for the crop. The experiment comprised five treatments ? I1: irrigation by fresh water of background salinity 0.385 dS m?1 (control) and I2 ? I5: irrigation by synthetic saline water (prepared by mixing sodium chloride salt with fresh water) of electrical conductivity (EC) 4, 7, 10 and 13 dS m?1 (at 25oC), respectively. Wheat was grown under three irrigations applied at maximum tillering, booting and milking/grain filling stages, and with recommended fertilizer dose. Irrigation water of EC ?10 dS m?1 significantly (p = 0.05) suppressed most growth and yield attributes, and yield of wheat compared to irrigation by fresh water (I1). An attention-grabbing observation was that irrigation by saline water of 4 dS m?1 (I2) contributed positively to the crop attributes. Leaf area index (LAI), spike length, spikelets and grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and above ground dry matter (ADM) of wheat increased by 1.9?3.4, 0.9, 2.6, 7.4, 2.1 and 2.8?6.0%, respectively in I2 compared to the control. The improvement in the LAI and ADM in I2 was significant over I1. Because of the largest spike density, the utmost grain (3.85 t ha?1), straw (5.09 t ha?1) and biomass (8.93 t ha?1) yields of wheat were however obtained under I1. The proposition of the advantageous irrigation water salinity level of 4 dS m?1 thus warrants further investigation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i1.18225 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(1): 141-146, 2013

scholarly journals Evaluation of groundwater potential and saline water intrusion using secondary geophysical parameters: A case study from western Maharashtra, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 00033 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Suneetha ◽  
Gautam Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Saline Water Intrusion ◽  
Water Intrusion ◽  
Transverse Resistance ◽  
Dar Zarrouk Parameters

Aquifers along the coastal regions around the world are facing severe level of saline water intrusion problems. Rapid development and the associated increase in groundwater withdrawals intensify the problem. Extensive mapping of migration and extent of salt water plumes is difficult and costly. Several surficial geophysical methods have been developed for measuring salinity levels in coastal aquifers. The present study is an attempt to delineate the saline water and fresh water intrusion in parts of west coast of Maharashtra, India. A total of 86 vertical electrical soundings were carried out using the Schlumberger configuration. The contour maps for Dar-Zarrouk parameters viz. the transverse resistance (T), longitudinal conductance (S), and coefficient of anisotropy (λ) were computed at 84 sites to generate the resistivity regime of saline and fresh water bearing formations. The results exemplify that the Dar-Zarrouk parameters provide a practical elucidation in demarcating the saline and fresh water aquifers, particularly when the resistivity data interpretation encounters constraints due to intermixing of saline water aquifers, fresh water aquifers etc. Several NE-SW and NW-SE oriented major lineaments and its cris-crosses have been observed in this region.

scholarly journals Proof of Concept: Pozzolan Bricks for Saline Water Evaporative Cooling in Controlled Environment Agriculture

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M Lefers ◽  
Philip A Davies ◽  
Nina V Fedoroff ◽  
Nassar Almadhoun ◽  
Mark A Tester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Controlled Environment Agriculture ◽  
Agriculture Systems

Abstract. Control of indoor temperature and humidity is of critical concern for controlled environment agriculture systems in hot, arid regions. Evaporative cooling is a technology utilized for energy-efficient cooling and humidification of these systems. However, the evaporative cooling process consumes considerable amounts of water, as much as 80-90% of the water footprint for indoor food production in these regions. The use of saline water in place of fresh water in evaporative cooling systems offers a potential solution for greatly improving the sustainability of these systems. However, the use of saline water in industry-standard cellulose pad systems can cause premature clogging of the porous medium, leading to system failure and the need for porous media replacement. A new evaporative cooling technology consisting of crushed pozzolan volcanic rock formed into porous bricks was evaluated for use in controlled environment agriculture systems using saline water. Two brick designs were tested for proof of concept cooling of commercial-scale greenhouses. Temperature-based cooling efficiencies of the bricks were achieved that are comparable to cellulose pads. In addition, the pozzolan-based bricks showed impressive resistance to saline water and harsh environments, requiring no replacement over the duration of the experimental trials. The integration of the pozzolan evaporative cooling systems using sea or brackish water with a water-saving growing technology, such as recirculating aquaponics or hydroponics, shows promise for reducing the fresh water footprint of food raised indoors in hot, dry environments by as much as 80%-90%. Keywords: Controlled environment, Evaporative cooling, Pozzolan, Salt, Water conservation.

The effect of saline water ingestion on water turnover rates and tritiated water space in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Jones ◽  
BJ Potter ◽  
CSW Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Water Space

Tritiated water has been used to compare the water turnover rates and water spaces in sheep which had become accustomed to consuming 1.3 % salt water with those of sheep allowed to drink fresh water. The sheep drinking the saline water (mean body weight 42.0 kg) had mean turnover rates of 207 ml/kg/day compared with 90.3 ml/kg/day for sheep drinking fresh water (mean body weight 38.3 kg). The sheep on salt water revealed a mean tritiated water space of 27.5 kg while that of the sheep on fresh water was 23.5 kg.

THE EFFECT OF SALINITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND SPRAYING BY HUMIC ACID IN SOME OF MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
E. K. Al-Fahdawe ◽  
A. A. Al-Sumaidaie ◽  
Y. K. Al-Hadithy
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

A pots experiment was conducted at the Department of Biology/College of Education for Girls/University of Anbar during Autumn season of 2018-2019 to study the effect of the salinity irrigation water and spray by humic acid in some of morphological, physiological, growth and yield traits of wheat cv. IPa. The experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor was assigned for irrigation by saline water at four level (S0, S1, S2 and S3), while the second factor was the foliar spraying of humic acid in three level (0.0, 1.0 and 1.5 g l-1). The results showed that there was significant reduction in plant height, vegetative dry weight, biological yield and chlorophyll leaves content when the plants were irrigated by saline water approached to 41.09 cm, 0.747 g, 0.849 g plant-1 and 38.67 SPAD, respectively at salinity level of 8.3 ds m-1 compared with the plants which irrigated by fresh water. The total carbohydrates were significantly decreased at the treatment of 8.3 ds m-1 reached 18.71 mg g-1. Spray levels humic acid achieved a significant increase in plant height, dry weight of the vegetative part, biological yield and chlorophyll leaves content sprayed at 1.0 and 1.5 g l-1 compared to no sprayed. Nitrogen concentration was significantly increased, while both phosphorus and potassium were decreased in the vegetative parts of wheat as the salinity of irrigation water increased. However, the increase of humic acid levels led to significant increasing in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration.

scholarly journals Foliar-Applied Potassium Silicate Coupled with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Improves Growth, Physiology, Nutrient Uptake and Productivity of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Irrigated with Saline Water in Salt-Affected Soil

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 894
Author(s):  
Emad M. Hafez ◽  
Hany S. Osman ◽  
Usama A. Abd El-Razek ◽  
Mohssen Elbagory ◽  
Alaa El-Dein Omara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

The continuity of traditional planting systems in the last few decades has encountered its most significant challenge in the harsh changes in the global climate, leading to frustration in the plant growth and productivity, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions cultivated with moderate or sensitive crops to abiotic stresses. Faba bean, like most legume crops, is considered a moderately sensitive crop to saline soil and/or saline water. In this connection, a field experiment was conducted during the successive winter seasons 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 in a salt-affected soil to explore the combined effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and potassium (K) silicate on maintaining the soil quality, performance, and productivity of faba bean plants irrigated with either fresh water or saline water. Our findings indicated that the coupled use of PGPR and K silicate under the saline water irrigation treatment had the capability to reduce the levels of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the soil and to promote the activity of some soil enzymes (urease and dehydrogenase), which recorded nearly non-significant differences compared with fresh water (control) treatment, leading to reinstating the soil quality. Consequently, under salinity stress, the combined application motivated the faba bean vegetative growth, e.g., root length and nodulation, which reinstated the K+/Na+ ions homeostasis, leading to the lessening or equalizing of the activity level of enzymatic antioxidants (CAT, POD, and SOD) compared with the controls of both saline water and fresh water treatments, respectively. Although the irrigation with saline water significantly increased the osmolytes concentration (free amino acids and proline) in faba bean plants compared with fresh water treatment, application of PGPR or K-silicate notably reduced the osmolyte levels below the control treatment, either under stress or non-stress conditions. On the contrary, the concentrations of soluble assimilates (total soluble proteins and total soluble sugars) recorded pronounced increases under tested treatments, which enriched the plant growth, the nutrients (N, P, and K) uptake and translocation to the sink organs, which lastly improved the yield attributes (number of pods plant−1, number of seeds pod−1, 100-seed weight). It was concluded that the combined application of PGPR and K-silicate is considered a profitable strategy that is able to alleviate the harmful impact of salt stress alongside increasing plant growth and productivity.

scholarly journals Resistance of bacteria isolated from leachate to heavy metals and the removal of Hg by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain FZ-2 at different salinity levels in a batch biosorption system

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fauzul Imron ◽  
Setyo Budi Kurniawan ◽  
Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Sanitary Landfill Leachate

AbstractLeachate is produced from sanitary landfills containing various pollutants, including heavy metals. This study aimed to determine the resistance of bacteria isolated from non-active sanitary landfill leachate to various heavy metals and the effect of salinity levels on the removal of Hg by the isolated bacterium. Four dominant bacteria from approximately 33 × 1017 colony-forming units per mL identified as Vibrio damsela, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from non-active sanitary landfill leachate. Heavy metal resistance test was conducted for Hg, Cd, Pb, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu (0–20 mg L− 1). The removal of the most toxic heavy metals by the most resistant bacteria was also determined at different salinity levels, i.e., fresh water (0‰), marginal water (10‰), brackish water (20‰), and saline water (30‰). Results showed that the growth of these bacteria is promoted by Fe, Mn, and Cu, but inhibited by Hg, Cd, Pb, Mg, and Zn. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all the bacteria in Fe, Mn, and Cu was > 20 mg L− 1. The MIC of V. damsela was 5 mg L− 1 for Hg and >  20 mg L− 1 for Cd, Pb, Mg, and Zn. For P. aeruginosa, MIC was > 20 mg L− 1 for Cd, Pb, Mg, and Zn and 10 mg L− 1 for Hg. Meanwhile, the MIC of P. stutzeri was > 20 mg L− 1 for Pb, Mg, and Zn and 5 mg L− 1 for Hg and Cd. The MIC of P. fluorescens for Hg, Pb, Mg, and Zn was 5, 5, 15, and 20 mg L− 1, respectively, and that for Cd was > 20 mg L− 1. From the MIC results, Hg is the most toxic heavy metal. In marginal water (10‰), P. aeruginosa FZ-2 removed up to 99.7% Hg compared with that in fresh water (0‰), where it removed only 54% for 72 h. Hence, P. aeruginosa FZ-2 is the most resistant to heavy metals, and saline condition exerts a positive effect on bacteria in removing Hg.

scholarly journals Brief pre- and post-irrigation sprinkling with fresh water reduces foliar salt uptake in maize and barley sprinkler irrigated with saline water

1996 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Benes ◽  
R. Arag��s ◽  
R. B. Austin ◽  
S. R. Grattan
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Uptake

scholarly journals XII. An easy method to distill fresh water from salt water at sea; by Capt. Newland

1772 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Easy Method

The materials necessary for this process are the following; a copper or iron pot of 15 or 20 gallons, an empty cask, some sheet lead, a small jar, a few wood-ashes or soap, and billet-wood for fewel.

The Minimum Separation Work for Desalination Processes

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunus Çerçi ◽  
Yunus A. Çengel ◽  
Byard Wood
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
General Relation ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Recovery Ratio ◽  
Strong Function ◽  
Work Input ◽  
Desalination Plants ◽  
Minimum Work ◽  
Optimum Recovery

Abstract A general relation is obtained for the minimum work input requirement for desalination processes using the second-law of thermodynamics. The relation developed can be used to determine the minimum work input for any salinity of the incoming water, and the recovery ratio. It is also shown that there is a lower and an upper limit for the minimum work, corresponding to recovery ratios of 0% and 100%, respectively. The minimum work input per unit mass of fresh water produced is determined for various salinities of incoming water, and the salinities of fresh water produced, and the results are tabulated and plotted. It is shown that the minimum work is a strong function of salinity, and increases with salinity and the recovery ratio. It is also shown that the minimum work input requirement remains fairly constant for recovery ratios of up to about 80%; the minimum work increases drastically at high recovery ratios; and an optimum value of recovery ratio exists to minimize the power consumption of actual desalination plants. But the value of this optimum recovery ratio decreases with increasing salinity of the incoming saline water. The results presented in this paper can be used as a basis to evaluate the performance of actual desalination plants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document