Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. I. Responses of previously unexposed cattle to four infestations with 20,000 larvae

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
BM Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Brahman Cattle ◽  
The Mean

Four purebred Brahman and four beef Shorthorn cattle which had not previously been exposed to Boophilus microplus were infested four times with 20,000 B. microplus larvae. On first infestation, the yield of engorged female ticks on all animals was about 25% of the larvae applied. Aftcr three further infestations, the mean yield of engorged females on the Brahmans decreased to 7.5% whereas there was no decrease in the yield of ticks on the Shorthorns. On the Brahman cattle. development of larvae to engorged females took 1–2 days longer and the engorged females weighed less. However, there was no difference in the reproductive index of female ticks engorged on either Brahmans or Shorthorns. Increases in rectal temperatures occurred in all cattle 15–17 days after the first infestation and in some cattle on days 6–7 as well as on days 15–17 after reinfestation. It was concluded that resistance to B. microplus is an acquired phenomenon in Brahman cattle.

Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. III.* Growth on previously unexposed animals

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
BM Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Brahman Cattle ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Surface Skin Temperature

Length measurements were used to compare the growth of the parasitic stages of Boophilus microplus on previously unexposed Brahman (Bos indicus) and Shorthorn (B. taurus) cattle. Growth curves based on the length measurements were constructed. Growth was slower on Brahmans than on Shorthorns during the first 24 hr of larval and nymphal instars. After the first 24 hr, the growth rates of larvae, and of nymphs, during feeding to engorgement were the same on the rump and belly regions of both species of cattle. Larvae and nymphs engorged more slowly on the brisket than they did on the rump and belly regions of the Brahmans. The surface skin temperature was lower on the brisket of the Brahmans. On the basis of change in the length of the tick during development on Brahmans, 16 age categories were established, so that the length of the tick may be used to estimate the ages of ticks in populations on Brahman cattle. Age categories were also defined for ticks which had been processed in formalin and hot alkali. __________________ *Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 395 (1978).

Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. II.* The dynamics of resistance in previously unexposed and exposed cattle

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
BM Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Development Of Resistance

The dynamics of host resistance to Boophilus microplus was investigated in previously unexposed and exposed Brahmans, and in previously unexposed Shorthorn cattle. The animals were infested each day with 1000 larvae, and the development of resistance was monitored by counting the number of female ticks which engorged. The previously unexposed cattle showed an initial period of susceptibility (phase I) which was followed by a period in which most animals developed degrees of resistance (phase II), and which stabilized in some animals (phase III). The duration of phase I was shorter in Brahmans, and they developed higher levels of resistance (phase III). In contrast, previously cxposed Brahmans manifested phase III levels of resistance immediately on infestation. The results provide further evidence that resistance to B. microplus in Brahmans, as well as in European breeds, is acquired rather than innate. __________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26: 1073 (1975).

Ecology of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in subtropical Australia. I. Introduction and free-living stages

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Sutherst ◽  
ID Sutherland ◽  
AS Bourne ◽  
GF Maywald ◽  
DA Stegeman
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Tick Reproduction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tick Resistance ◽  
Subtropical Australia

An experiment is described which compared the fluctuations in the numbers of cattle tick, Boophilus miicroplus, that resulted from direct climatic effects or from changes in host resistance. Four herds of cattle, matched for tick resistance and with different Bos indicus (zebu) content, were grazed at each of two locations, one in central Queensland (23� S.) and one in southern Queensland (28� S.), from November 1977 to May 1982. Natural tick populations were counted regularly, and host resistance was measured using artificial infestations, either twice or six times a year. Concurrent exposures of engorged ticks in pastures were used to measure the success of the ticks in producing larvae and to partition mortality during development. Two later papers report other aspccts of the experiment. These include observations on the resistance of cattle to ticks and on the relationship between tick numbers on the cattle on one hand, and the availability of larvae on pasture and survival of parasitic stages on the other. Engorged ticks produced more larvae throughout the year in central Queensland, despite laying fewer eggs. The colder and longer winter in southern Queensland greatly reduced tick reproduction. Failure of engorged ticks to survive predation and find a favourable oviposition site, egg mortality and loss of larvae in the pasture accounted for most of the reduction in the potential number of larvae produced. Reduced oviposition was also important in wintcr.

Host resistance to cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. IV.* Ages of ticks rejected

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
BM Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Different Levels

The stages of development of Boophilus microplus against which Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle manifest resistance were investigated by analysing the age distributions of ticks in populations on five steers showing different levels of resistance. The populations of ticks were established by infesting the steers each day with 1000 larvae, until each animal yielded a relatively stable number of engorged female ticks daily. The ticks were recovered by killing the steers and processing their hides in hot caustic soda. Ticks were allocated to age categories on the basis of their lengths. Analyses of the age distributions showed that between 36 and 80% of larvae were rejected in the first 24 h, and losses were greater from hosts with high levels of resistance. Some newly moulted nymphs failed to establish and were lost, and the growth of newly moulted females was retarded but most engorged successfully. The results also indicated that significant numbers of larvae and nymphs were lost either during the final stage of engorgement or after they had engorged. These findings are compared with losses of the tick from European (B. taurus) cattle. __________________ * Part III, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 401 (1978).

Resistance to Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) in different breeds of cattle

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
KBW Utech ◽  
RH Wharton ◽  
JD Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Jersey Cattle ◽  
The Mean

Resistance to the cattle tick Boophilus microplus was assessed in heifer herds of various breeds of beef and dairy cattle in spring and summer in Queensland. All cattle had had tick experience before assessment. Resistance levels were determined as the percentage of larval ticks that failed to survive to maturity following infestations with c. 20,000 larvae. Bos indicus Brahman beef cattle were the most resistant (99%), followed by B. indicus × B. taurus (95–97%) and B. taurus British cattle (85%). In the dairy breeds, B. taurus Jersey cattle (98%) were more resistant than Guernsey (93%), Australian Illawarra Shorthorn (89%), and Friesian (85%), but not significantly different from B. indicus × B. taurus Australian Milking Zebu (96%). Cattle were classified as having high (> 98%), moderate (95–98%), low (90–95%), or very low (< 90%) resistance. The frequency distributions of resistance in B. indicus × B. taurus cattle showed that 80% had moderate to high resistance and that culling of 20% of the cattle would about halve the mean tick population. Of B. taurus cattle, 80% had low to very low resistance. Supplementary information on sibling bull herds showed that their resistance levels and frequency distributions of resistance were similar to those of the heifer herds.

Labelling larvae of the cattle-tick Boophilus microplus, with 32P to follow their movements on the host

Parasitology ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Kemp ◽  
D. Koudstall ◽  
J. D. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Drinking Solution

SUMMARYAfter 24 h desiccation at 28–29 °C and approximately 50 % relative humidity about 70 % of B. microplus larvae drank sufficient solution containing 1·5 mCi of 32P per ml for their movements on the host to be followed with a portable G-M counter. Reduced viability of the labelled ticks could not be detected when they were kept for 24 h on the host and either allowed to feed or prevented from doing so. When feeding was continued for 72 h or when larvae were incubated for 3–4 weeks, adverse effects were found, the severity of which could not be directly related to the amount of 32P label. Desiccation, handling of larvae and exposure to radiation in the drinking solution may have contributed to their reduced viability.Since resistance to the tick is manifest within the first 24 h after infestation labelled larvae could be used to compare development on different hosts during this time. Even after feeding for 72 h, larvae were more adversely affected by host resistance than by labelling damage.We would like to thank Mr C. A. Schuntner for helpful advice and Mrs J.Galligan for technical assistance. The financial support of the Australian Meat Research Committee is gratefully acknowledged. Messrs D. Hancox and S. R.Henderson assisted with some of the experiments.

Gene expression in the skin of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle infested with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

2008 ◽  
Vol 126 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 110-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily K. Piper ◽  
Louise A. Jackson ◽  
Neil H. Bagnall ◽  
Kritaya K. Kongsuwan ◽  
Ala E. Lew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick

Resistance to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus in a herd of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle: Its assessment and heritability

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Wharton ◽  
KBW Utech ◽  
HG Turner
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tick Resistance

An Australian Illawarra Shorthorn herd of 24 cows was mated in three consecutive years with an AIS bull. The cows and their progeny were rated for tick resistance at frequent intervals from August 1959 to December 1965 by counting the numbers of semiengorged female ticks on the right side. The mean of log counts for all counts on a particular animal was adopted as the reference value for its degree of susceptibility. The ranking of cattle generally showed a high level of consistency with mean repeatability of counts (r = 0.47, P < 0.01). Discrimination between animals was more reliable (P < 0.01) in summer (r = 0.52) than in winter (r = 0.27). The repeatability of tick counts increased with mean count, from r = 0.27 when the mean count was 3 to r = 0.67 when it was 100. The reliability of counts on the cows decreased with age and with lactation. Supplementary information on a larger herd showed no effect of pregnancy on mean count or on discrimination between susceptible and resistant animals, but showed that there was a partial breakdown of resistance during lactation. In calves infested naturally, no effects of age or sex on tick counts or their repeatability were detected, though male calves yielded significantly larger numbers of ticks than females when infested artificially. The mean yield of mature female ticks on the cows following two artificial infestations with known numbers of larvae ranged from 0.2 to 27.4% of the potential. Natural and artificial assessments of susceptibility were closely correlated. The rank of the bull was similar to that of the more resistant cows. Mean estimates of the heritability of tick resistance based on single counts were 39 % from dam-calf correlations and 49 % from full-sib correlations. Estimates based on summer counts only were 42 and 64% respectively. These results provide strong encouragement for selecting for tick resistance.

Boophilus microplus: the effect of histamine on the attachment of cattle-tick larvae–studies in vivo and in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Kemp ◽  
A. Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Attachment Site ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Larval Behaviour

SummaryCircumstantial evidence suggests that the earlier detachment of Boophilus microplus larvae from highly resistant cattle follows the release of histamine at the attachment site. In vivo and in vitro experiments show that a proportion of the larvae will detach following injection or infusion of histamine. Other mediators such as bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine have little or no effect on tick behaviour in vivo. Sensitivity to histamine declines as larval attachments stabilize, and repeated injections have no effect on the weight of larvae after 3 days on the host. Response to histamine is discussed in relation to host resistance, histology of the feeding lesion and larval behaviour.

The rate of loss of DDT on cattle in relation to protection from reinfestation by the cattle tick Boophilus microplus

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Schnitzerling ◽  
WJ Roulston ◽  
BF Stone ◽  
JT Wilson ◽  
PG Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Cyclic Change ◽  
Minimum Period ◽  
The Mean

Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle were sprayed with 0.5% w/v DDT on 31 consecutive occasions at intervals of 4 weeks. Spraying was rotated amongst three groups of cattle. The rate of loss of DDT was determined on the barrel for all occasions and concurrently on the flank and escutcheon for the last 16 occasions. A protective period, defined as the minimum period cattle were protected against reinfestation by the cattle tick, was determined concurrently from observations made on the flank and escutcheon. A cyclic change in the rate of loss of DDT occurred on all sites. The rate was highest in summer and lowest in winter, and was in antiphase with corresponding changes in the protective period. The magnitude of the change of rate of loss of DDT was greater on the flank than on either the barrel or the escutcheon. The rate of loss from the three sites was always in the sequence flank > escutcheon > barrel. The mean deposits of DDT present on the flank and escutcheon when protection had just ceased were respectively 0.29 mg/g hair and 0.054 mg/sq. in., and the protective periods did not differ significantly. The protective period on the barrel was not measured, but it was calculated from data on the DDT deposits to be longer than on either of the other sites, even allowing for the fact that laboratory tests showed that DDT on barrel hair was relatively less effective against larvae than similar weights of DDT on flank hair.

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