Apex and root temperature and the early growth of wheat

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Aston
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Extension Zone ◽  
Leaf Extension

Wheat was grown in temperature controlled water-baths in order to regulate the temperature of the roots, the growing apex and the zone of leaf extension. Twenty-two alternating day and night temperatures varying between 26 and 2�C were studied. All plants experienced the same aerial environment. Leaf extension rates were measured on 6 days throughout the early growth stages and dry matter production was determined after 39 days. Night leaf extension was found to be related not only to the temperature of the meristem and leaf extension zone during the night, but also to the temperature experienced during the preceding day. Leaf extension during the day was determined by daytime temperature, and also the temperature conditions of the previous night. These growth patterns were explained in terms of leaf sugar concentrations, which were measured at the end of the experiment. Dry matter production was found to be exponentially related to the time-corrected mean daily temperature of the apex, leaf extension zone and roots. These results confirm the suggestion that the improved early vigour of wheat sown by conventional cultivation practices with a minimum of surface residues compared to direct drilled wheat, could at least partially have been due to the different patterns in soil temperature.

The impact of agronomic manipulation of early vigour in wheat on growth and yield in South Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. G. Sloane ◽  
G. S. Gill ◽  
G. K. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
The Impact

The initial growth of wheat crops can be manipulated either by agronomic means, such as by increasing inputs of seed and fertiliser, or by genetic improvement in early vigour. Cultivars of wheat with enhanced early vigour are still not commercially available and so a series of experiments was conducted to examine the impact of increasing initial dry matter production and leaf area index by increasing sowing and nitrogen (N) rates on grain yield. Increasing the sowing rate and amount of N fertiliser applied significantly increased early dry matter production and leaf area, with the largest responses occurring when sowing rate was increased. However, there was little effect on yield. The increases in dry matter production that occurred early in the season as a result of the additional inputs diminished as the season progressed. Yield responses to the additional inputs depended on the seasonal distribution of rainfall and in particular the rainfall received in August and September when grains per m2 were being determined. Consequently, yield responses were affected more by changes in grain per m2 than by changes in grain weight, and the benefits of the improvements in early vigour were only realised when moisture availability was high during the immediate pre-anthesis and early grain filling period of growth. High rainfall in August and September increased the responses in grains per m2 from increased sowing rate and N. When N was used to increase early growth, the response in grain weight was negatively correlated with increasing pre-anthesis rainfall, but there was no relationship with rainfall when sowing rate was used to increase early growth. This effect of N, in which responses in pre-anthesis growth were offset by reductions in grain weight, is consistent with the ‘haying-off’ effect that can occur with applications of N. The results showed that increasing early vigour by increased inputs of seed and N fertiliser produce variable responses in grain yield. While improvements in vegetative growth occurred, the realisation of these gains only happened when rainfall in August and September was adequate. Basing improvements in early vigour only on agronomic manipulation appears to be associated with a relatively high level of risk, as it is difficult to control the balance between vegetative growth and the availability of soil moisture. Alternatively, the data suggest that the levels of early vigour under current agronomic practices may be adequate (>50 g/m2 shoot DM at late tillering stage), and only marginal gains may be achieved by promoting early growth by additional inputs.

Potential for increasing early vigour and total biomass in spring wheat. II. Characteristics associated with early vigour

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
KL Regan ◽  
KHM Siddique ◽  
NC Turner ◽  
BR Whan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Early Vigour

Increased early growth and total dry matter production have been suggested as useful traits to improve yield in Mediterranean-type environments. In Part I, genotypic variation for early growth and total dry matter production was identified among cultivars and some introduced lines. In this part, characteristics associated with early vigour in five of these introduced lines and ten Australian cultivars were examined in a field study at Wongan Hills in Western Australia. Differences in dry matter production were observed at all sampling times during the season, with three of the introduced lines (CEP 8058, Kansu No. 32 and V979-28) having consistently higher dry matter production than the standard cultivars during the early growth period. Those genotypes with a higher dry matter production at 54 days after sowing had higher relative growth rates and green area indices than those with low dry matter production. Both genotypes with large leaves on few tillers and genotypes with small leaves on many tillers had higher green area indices and higher dry matter production. While high dry matter production was associated with a large degree of ground cover and high light interception, it was not associated with the earlier commencement of reproductive development. Incorporation of early vigour and high dry matter production into locally adapted cultivars is required to demonstrate its benefit in these environments.

Effect of silicon at panicle initiation on the growth of rice (Var. ADT-36) plants at different growth stages

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
P. M. Arthanari ◽  
P. Gnanamoorthy ◽  
S. Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Maturity Stages ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Initiation Stage ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India during the Rabi (November 1997-March 1998) and Kharif (July 1998-November 1998) seasons to identify the effect of silicon at panicle initiation on the growth of rice plant (Variety ADT-36) at different growth stages. Furnace slag was applied as a silicon source at 2 t/ha at the panicle initiation stage along with other nutrients. The dry matter production was recorded at the active tillering, panicle initiation, booting, flowering, one week after flowering and maturity stages in both the seasons. The total dry matter production was greater in the Kharif season than in the Rabi season. The application of slag at the panicle initiation stage along with N and K at the flowering stage had a significant influence over the dry matter production. A similar trend was observed in both the seasons. The silicon uptake was recorded at the panicle initiation and maturity stages. About 30-40% of the silicon absorbed during the early stages and the maturity stage was present in the shoot, whereas 20-30 % of the silicon absorbed during the maturity stages was present in the leaf blades. Based on the results, it is concluded that the supply of silicon during the panicle initiation stage is most important for plant growth.

scholarly journals Dry Matter Production and Partitioning in Different Plant Parts of Rice Cultivars under Irrigation Regimes and Systems of Cultivation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.V. Venkataravana Nayaka ◽  
G. Prabhakara Reddy ◽  
R. Mahender Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Crop Growth Stages

Background: Growth and yield characteristics of genotypes depend on genetic and environmental factors. Among the different production factors, varietal selection at any location plays an important role. Proper crop management depends on the growth characteristics of various varieties to get maximum benefit from new genetic material. Among the different water- saving irrigation methods in rice, the most widely adopted is alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Many of the rice cultivars vary in their performance under different systems of cultivation.Methods: A field experiment was conducted on a clay loam soil at Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana during the kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018. to study the “productivity and water use efficiency of rice cultivars under different irrigation regimes and systems of cultivation” The treatments consisted of two irrigation regimes Alternate wetting and drying and Saturation as main plot treatments, three establishment methods System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Drum Seeding (DS) and Normal transplanting (NTP) as sub plot treatments and four Cultivars namely DRR Dhan 42, DRR Dhan 43, MTU-1010 and NLR-34449 as sub-sub plot treatments summing up to 24 treatment combinations laid out in split-split plot design with three replications.Result: At 60, 90 DAS/DAT and harvest significantly dry matter production (DMP) was recorded with DRR Dhan 43 cultivar (607, 4320 and 11548 kg ha-1 respectively in pooled means of both 2017 and 2018) than other cultivars. Whereas MTU-1010 and NLR-34449 recorded on par dry matter production values at all the crop growth stages during both the years of study. However, DRR Dhan 42 produced the lowest dry matter production compared to other genotypes. DRR Dhan 43 recorded higher dry matter accumulation (g m-2) in root, stem and leaves at all the crop growth stages, during both the years of the study over other cultivars. Alternative wetting and drying method of irrigation recorded significantly higher DMP at all the growth stages of rice (60, 90 DAS/DAT and at harvest) except at 30 DAS/DAT during both 2017 and 2018 as compared to saturation. SRI recorded significantly higher DMP as compared to normal transplanting; however, it was comparably at par with drum seeding at all the growth stages.

Nodulation and growth of pasture legumes with naturalised soil rhizobia. 1. Annual Medicago spp.

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ballard ◽  
N. Charman
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Annual Medicago ◽  
Inoculation Treatment

The ability of 11 species of annual medics (Medicago doliata, M. laciniata, M. littoralis, M. minima, M. orbicularis, M. polymorpha, M. praecox, M. rigidula, M. rigiduloides, M. tornata and M. truncatula) to nodulate and fix nitrogen with naturalised rhizobia from 28 South Australian soils was assessed. The number of rhizobia in the soils was estimated. Medic shoot dry matter production and nodulation were measured, after inoculation of medic seedlings with a soil suspension, in 2 glasshouse experiments. The number of medic rhizobia ranged from 0.4 10 2 to 1.5 10 6 per gram soil. Medicago laciniata was the only medic species tested which was not consistently nodulated by the soil rhizobia. While all the other species formed nodules, they varied widely in their ability to form an effective symbiosis. Symbiotic performance (which indicates how much growth the medic line achieved, when compared to an effective inoculation treatment) of the medic species ranged from 3% (M. rigiduloides) to 67% (M. praecox). Herald (M. littoralis) achieved a symbiotic performance of 49% and it was estimated that this would be insufficient to meet the nitrogen requirements of a Herald-based pasture during early growth. The symbiotic performance of Santiago (M. polymorpha) was low (17%) and erratic (from –6 to 72%). The ability of the rhizobia to form an effective symbiosis varied widely also between soil regions. For example, the rhizobia in Riverland soils resulted in only 31% of the shoot dry matter of those in Eyre Peninsula soils, in association with M. polymorpha. There are significant opportunities to improve the symbiotic performance of a number of the species of annual medics examined in this study. Options to improve the effectiveness of the symbiosis of medics with naturalised soil rhizobia are discussed.

Dry matter production and grain yield from grazed wheat in southern New South Wales

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. McMullen ◽  
J. M. Virgona
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production

In southern New South Wales, Australia, grazing wheat during the vegetative and early reproductive growth stages (typically during winter) can provide a valuable contribution of high quality feed during a period of low pasture growth. This paper reports results from a series of experiments investigating the agronomic management of grazed wheats in southern NSW. The effect of sowing date and grazing on dry matter production and subsequent grain yield of a range of wheat cultivars was measured in five experiments in 2004 and 2005. In all experiments, results were compared with ungrazed spring wheat (cv. Diamondbird). Grain yield of the best winter cultivar was either the same or significantly greater than the spring cultivar in each of the five experiments. Within the winter wheat cultivars, there was significant variation in grain yield, protein content and screenings, depending on site and year with the cultivar Marombi out-yielding all others. Interestingly, this cultivar usually had the least dry matter post-grazing but the greatest dry matter by anthesis of the winter wheats. Generally, if sowing of the winter wheat was delayed, then the effects on yield were small or non-existent. The results are discussed with respect to the benefits of incorporating grazing cereals into cropping programs in the medium rainfall zone of southern Australia.

Potential for increasing early vigour and total biomass in spring wheat. I. Identification of genetic improvements

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Whan ◽  
GP Carlton ◽  
WK Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Vegetative Biomass ◽  
Three Stages

Increased early vigour and vegetative biomass at anthesis should lead to yield improvements in wheat. Fifteen introductions were compared with five standard cultivars in Western Australia at Wongan Hills in 1988, and Wongan Hills, Merredin and Esperance in 1989 to identify useful parents for their early vigour and biomass production. Two times of sowing were included at Wongan Hills in 1989. Dry matter production was measured at all sites except Esperance at the early vegetative stage (49 to 55 days after sowing), late vegetative stage (56 to 75 days after sowing), and at anthesis. Some introductions were more vigorous in the vegetative stages, and produced more biomass at anthesis than the standard cultivars. Experiments under irrigated, non-stress conditions showed these lines produced leaves and tillers more quickly than the standard cultivars. The full growth potential of these lines may not have been expressed fully due to environmental limitations. While variation for dry matter production existed within the standard cultivars, it was not adequate or consistent enough to be of value in breeding. Dry matter production at the vegetative and anthesis stages was correlated significantly with grain yield in 1989, but not in 1988. Broad sense heritabilities for dry matter production at the three stages were generally high, averaging 72, 73 and 69% for early vegetative, late vegetative and anthesis dry matter production respectively. The importance of assessing the value of early vigour and biomass in breeding populations is discussed.

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