Potential for increasing early vigour and total biomass in spring wheat. II. Characteristics associated with early vigour

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
KL Regan ◽  
KHM Siddique ◽  
NC Turner ◽  
BR Whan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Early Vigour

Increased early growth and total dry matter production have been suggested as useful traits to improve yield in Mediterranean-type environments. In Part I, genotypic variation for early growth and total dry matter production was identified among cultivars and some introduced lines. In this part, characteristics associated with early vigour in five of these introduced lines and ten Australian cultivars were examined in a field study at Wongan Hills in Western Australia. Differences in dry matter production were observed at all sampling times during the season, with three of the introduced lines (CEP 8058, Kansu No. 32 and V979-28) having consistently higher dry matter production than the standard cultivars during the early growth period. Those genotypes with a higher dry matter production at 54 days after sowing had higher relative growth rates and green area indices than those with low dry matter production. Both genotypes with large leaves on few tillers and genotypes with small leaves on many tillers had higher green area indices and higher dry matter production. While high dry matter production was associated with a large degree of ground cover and high light interception, it was not associated with the earlier commencement of reproductive development. Incorporation of early vigour and high dry matter production into locally adapted cultivars is required to demonstrate its benefit in these environments.

Apex and root temperature and the early growth of wheat

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Aston
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Extension Zone ◽  
Leaf Extension

Wheat was grown in temperature controlled water-baths in order to regulate the temperature of the roots, the growing apex and the zone of leaf extension. Twenty-two alternating day and night temperatures varying between 26 and 2�C were studied. All plants experienced the same aerial environment. Leaf extension rates were measured on 6 days throughout the early growth stages and dry matter production was determined after 39 days. Night leaf extension was found to be related not only to the temperature of the meristem and leaf extension zone during the night, but also to the temperature experienced during the preceding day. Leaf extension during the day was determined by daytime temperature, and also the temperature conditions of the previous night. These growth patterns were explained in terms of leaf sugar concentrations, which were measured at the end of the experiment. Dry matter production was found to be exponentially related to the time-corrected mean daily temperature of the apex, leaf extension zone and roots. These results confirm the suggestion that the improved early vigour of wheat sown by conventional cultivation practices with a minimum of surface residues compared to direct drilled wheat, could at least partially have been due to the different patterns in soil temperature.

Potential for increasing early vigour and total biomass in spring wheat. I. Identification of genetic improvements

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Whan ◽  
GP Carlton ◽  
WK Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Vegetative Biomass ◽  
Three Stages

Increased early vigour and vegetative biomass at anthesis should lead to yield improvements in wheat. Fifteen introductions were compared with five standard cultivars in Western Australia at Wongan Hills in 1988, and Wongan Hills, Merredin and Esperance in 1989 to identify useful parents for their early vigour and biomass production. Two times of sowing were included at Wongan Hills in 1989. Dry matter production was measured at all sites except Esperance at the early vegetative stage (49 to 55 days after sowing), late vegetative stage (56 to 75 days after sowing), and at anthesis. Some introductions were more vigorous in the vegetative stages, and produced more biomass at anthesis than the standard cultivars. Experiments under irrigated, non-stress conditions showed these lines produced leaves and tillers more quickly than the standard cultivars. The full growth potential of these lines may not have been expressed fully due to environmental limitations. While variation for dry matter production existed within the standard cultivars, it was not adequate or consistent enough to be of value in breeding. Dry matter production at the vegetative and anthesis stages was correlated significantly with grain yield in 1989, but not in 1988. Broad sense heritabilities for dry matter production at the three stages were generally high, averaging 72, 73 and 69% for early vegetative, late vegetative and anthesis dry matter production respectively. The importance of assessing the value of early vigour and biomass in breeding populations is discussed.

The impact of agronomic manipulation of early vigour in wheat on growth and yield in South Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. G. Sloane ◽  
G. S. Gill ◽  
G. K. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
The Impact

The initial growth of wheat crops can be manipulated either by agronomic means, such as by increasing inputs of seed and fertiliser, or by genetic improvement in early vigour. Cultivars of wheat with enhanced early vigour are still not commercially available and so a series of experiments was conducted to examine the impact of increasing initial dry matter production and leaf area index by increasing sowing and nitrogen (N) rates on grain yield. Increasing the sowing rate and amount of N fertiliser applied significantly increased early dry matter production and leaf area, with the largest responses occurring when sowing rate was increased. However, there was little effect on yield. The increases in dry matter production that occurred early in the season as a result of the additional inputs diminished as the season progressed. Yield responses to the additional inputs depended on the seasonal distribution of rainfall and in particular the rainfall received in August and September when grains per m2 were being determined. Consequently, yield responses were affected more by changes in grain per m2 than by changes in grain weight, and the benefits of the improvements in early vigour were only realised when moisture availability was high during the immediate pre-anthesis and early grain filling period of growth. High rainfall in August and September increased the responses in grains per m2 from increased sowing rate and N. When N was used to increase early growth, the response in grain weight was negatively correlated with increasing pre-anthesis rainfall, but there was no relationship with rainfall when sowing rate was used to increase early growth. This effect of N, in which responses in pre-anthesis growth were offset by reductions in grain weight, is consistent with the ‘haying-off’ effect that can occur with applications of N. The results showed that increasing early vigour by increased inputs of seed and N fertiliser produce variable responses in grain yield. While improvements in vegetative growth occurred, the realisation of these gains only happened when rainfall in August and September was adequate. Basing improvements in early vigour only on agronomic manipulation appears to be associated with a relatively high level of risk, as it is difficult to control the balance between vegetative growth and the availability of soil moisture. Alternatively, the data suggest that the levels of early vigour under current agronomic practices may be adequate (>50 g/m2 shoot DM at late tillering stage), and only marginal gains may be achieved by promoting early growth by additional inputs.

A winter wheat crop simulation model without water or nutrient limitations

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Weir ◽  
P. L. Bragg ◽  
J. R. Porter ◽  
J. H. Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Matter Production

SummaryA whole crop computer simulation model of winter wheat has been written in FORTRAN and used to simulate the growth of September- and October-sown crops of Hustler wheat at Rothamsted for the years 1978–9, 1979–80 and 1980–1. Results of the simulations, which are for crops with adequate water and nutrients, are compared with observations from experiments at Rothamsted. The model uses daily maximum and minimum temperatures and daylength to calculate the dates of emergence, double ridge, anthesis and maturity of the crops and the growth and senescence of tillers and leaves. In the simulations, the canopy intercepts daily radiation and produces dry matter that is partitioned between roots, shoots, leaves, ears and grain. Partial simulations, using observed LAI values, produced dry matter in close agreement with observations of late-sown crops, but consistently overestimated the total dry-matter production of the early-sown crops. Full simulation described satisfactorily the average difference in dry-matter production to be expected with changes in time of sowing, but did not give as close correspondence for individual crops. A grain growth submodel, that linked maximum grain weight to average temperatures during the grain growth period, correctly simulated the observed growth of individual grains in the 1981 crop. The benefits to be obtained by combining whole crop modelling with detailed crop observations are discussed.

scholarly journals Agronomic characterization of sweet potato accessions

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Forlan Vargas ◽  
Dumon Ramiro Zanetti Godoy ◽  
Luis Carlos Ferreira de Almeida ◽  
Renata Castoldi
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Action Strategies ◽  
Animal Consumption

The agronomic characterization of a genotype set is one of the basic steps to start a breeding program, as action strategies to search for new cultivars are defined through the knowledge of these characteristics. Thus, the aim of this study was to rescue and assess agronomic performance in accessions collected in traditional communities. Sweet potatoes were collected among “quilombos”, indigenous villages, native populations and small farmers from Vale do Ribeira. The study was conducted at UNESP, Registro Campus, from February/2013 to August/2014. The experiment was set in a randomized blocks design with 95 accessions, two commercial cultivars, Brazlândia Branca and Brazlândia Roxa (controls), with three repetitions. Total commercial roots production, percentage of commercial roots production, total roots dry matter production, roots dry matter percentage, fresh branches production, total dry matter production in branches and dry matter percentage in branches were assessed. Accessions VR13-62, VR13-61, VR13-44, VR13-11 and VR13-14 demonstrated characteristics of roots for consumption and VR13-11 and VR13-14 for industry consumption due to the high dry matter percentage obtained per hectare; VR13-35, VR13-87 and VR13-22 are adequate for animal feed purposes. VR13-11, VR13-22 and VR13-58 accessions can be used for human and animal consumption; VR13-48 was suitable for home and industry consumption; and VR13-4 and VR13-31 was suitable for animal feed and industry consumption.

scholarly journals Impact of Reduced Rainfall on Above Ground Dry Matter Production of Semi-natural Grassland in South Gloucestershire, UK: A Rainfall Manipulation Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Ayling ◽  
Jill Thompson ◽  
A. Gray ◽  
L. J. McEwen
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
The South ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
South West ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Rainfall Reduction

In the United Kingdom, agricultural grasslands cover 40% of the land area, make up 89% of the total agricultural area and are an important land use for ecosystem services and food security. Climate change predictions suggest that the United Kingdom will experience more frequent and severe periods of drought that may impact these grasslands. As part of the Drought Risk and You (DRY) project, a field experiment in which rain shelters reduced precipitation reaching the vegetation by approximately 50%, was set up in the South West of England. The experiment ran for 3 years, from October 2015 to October 2018. The study was carried out at two locations in the catchment of the Bristol River Frome. Both sites were species-rich semi-natural pastures that had received no inputs of fertilizer or herbicide for many years. Automatic weather stations recorded environmental conditions, especially rainfall, within the experimental area. The existing agricultural management regimes were approximated by cutting the vegetation in the plots, by hand, at the appropriate times of year. The effect of rainfall reduction on plant growth was assessed by biomass sampling. At both sites, the rainfall reduction treatment had only small effects on total above ground dry matter production (biomass). These effects were much smaller than the year-to-year variation in total biomass. Our results suggested that well-established permanent pastures in the South West of England were able to tolerate a 3-year period of reduced water supply. The observed year-to-year variation in biomass demonstrated how important the timing of dry weather is for biomass production, and this will be reflected in effects on yield and quality of hay.

Nodulation and growth of pasture legumes with naturalised soil rhizobia. 1. Annual Medicago spp.

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ballard ◽  
N. Charman
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Annual Medicago ◽  
Inoculation Treatment

The ability of 11 species of annual medics (Medicago doliata, M. laciniata, M. littoralis, M. minima, M. orbicularis, M. polymorpha, M. praecox, M. rigidula, M. rigiduloides, M. tornata and M. truncatula) to nodulate and fix nitrogen with naturalised rhizobia from 28 South Australian soils was assessed. The number of rhizobia in the soils was estimated. Medic shoot dry matter production and nodulation were measured, after inoculation of medic seedlings with a soil suspension, in 2 glasshouse experiments. The number of medic rhizobia ranged from 0.4 10 2 to 1.5 10 6 per gram soil. Medicago laciniata was the only medic species tested which was not consistently nodulated by the soil rhizobia. While all the other species formed nodules, they varied widely in their ability to form an effective symbiosis. Symbiotic performance (which indicates how much growth the medic line achieved, when compared to an effective inoculation treatment) of the medic species ranged from 3% (M. rigiduloides) to 67% (M. praecox). Herald (M. littoralis) achieved a symbiotic performance of 49% and it was estimated that this would be insufficient to meet the nitrogen requirements of a Herald-based pasture during early growth. The symbiotic performance of Santiago (M. polymorpha) was low (17%) and erratic (from –6 to 72%). The ability of the rhizobia to form an effective symbiosis varied widely also between soil regions. For example, the rhizobia in Riverland soils resulted in only 31% of the shoot dry matter of those in Eyre Peninsula soils, in association with M. polymorpha. There are significant opportunities to improve the symbiotic performance of a number of the species of annual medics examined in this study. Options to improve the effectiveness of the symbiosis of medics with naturalised soil rhizobia are discussed.

scholarly journals Growth and exportation of nutrients by apple fruits

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-414
Author(s):  
P.E. Trani ◽  
H.P. Haag ◽  
C.B. Catani
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Apple Fruits

In order to obtain informations concerning the dry matter production and extraction of nutrients by the fruits of the varieties 'Ohio Beauty' and 'Brasil', a trial was conducted on a Latossol Vermelho Escuro-Orto (USTOX) at Buri , State of São Paulo, Brazil. The fruits were collected from trees grafted on 'Doucin' being 1-2; 3-4; 4-5, and 6-7 years old. Chemical analysis were run on the fruits for: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Mo; as well for the dry mat ter production. The main conclusions are as follows: a) differences were observed on dry matter production of fruits by the two varieties at the different stages of growth; b) differences were observed on exportation of nutrients between the two varieties concerning the fruit growth period- the nutrient exportation by the fruits obeyed following order: K>N>P>S>Ca>Mg>Fe>B > Cu > Mn > Zn > Mo.

scholarly journals Dry Matter Production and Nutrient Uptake of Coloured Capsicum Hybrids (Capsicum annuum var. grossum L.) as Influenced by Different Irrigation Levels under Shade Net

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
B. Kiruthiga ◽  
K. Avil Kumar ◽  
K. Sreenivasa Kumar ◽  
A. Srinivas
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Daily Evaporation ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Plot Design

Aim: The experiment was aimed at evaluating the influence of different irrigation levels on dry matter production and nutrient uptake of coloured capsicum hybrids. Study Design:  Split plot design with three replications Place and Duration of Study: Horticultural farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during rabi 2018-19. Methodology: The experiment was laid out in split plot design and the treatments comprises of four irrigation levels viz., drip irrigation at 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 Epan as main treatments and three hybrids viz., Indra (green), Orobelle (yellow), Bomby (red) as sub treatments and replicated thrice. The recommended dose of nutrients were 100:80:60 N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha-1 and entire dose of P2O5 was applied as basal, N and K2O was applied through venturi meter as fertigation on three days interval from 9 to 153 DAT. The crop was transplanted at 45 cm × 40 cm spacing in September under a green shade net. Irrigation scheduling was done based on daily evaporation data recorded from USWB class ‘A’ pan evaporimeter. The cumulative daily evaporation during crop growth period was 737.5 mm. Quantity of water applied including special operations of 26 mm and effective rainfall during crop growth period were 245.3, 392.0, 546.5 and 698.5 mm and 58.6, 64.2, 74.6, 82.6 mm out of 127.4 mm of rainfall for 100, 80, 60 and 40 per cent irrigation treatments, respectively as per water balance method. Bed size was 7.6 m × 0.9 m. Results: Significantly higher yield (47.50 t ha-1) was recorded with drip irrigation at 1.0 Epan than rest of the treatments. Indra recorded significantly higher yield (40.27 t ha-1) than other two hybrids. The interaction effect between drip irrigation levels and hybrids was not significant on Dry Matter Production and N, P & K uptakes and economics of capsicum. DMP and nutrient uptake were significantly higher with drip irrigation at 1.0 Epan than 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 Epan throughout the crop growth over other drip irrigation levels. Among hybrids, Indra recorded significantly higher DMP and nutrient uptake than other two hybrids.

scholarly journals Absorption and nutrient concentration in apple (Pyrus mains L.)

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 387-396
Author(s):  
P.E. Trani ◽  
H.P. Haag ◽  
J.R. Sarruge ◽  
A.R. Dechen ◽  
CB Catani
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Dormant Stage ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Matter Basis

In order to obtain the following informations: a) dry matter production and extraction of nutrients by the fruits at different ages; b) dry matter production and extraction of nutrient by the leaves and "trunk + branches" collected at the flowering stage; c) dry matter production and export of nutrients by pruning (leaves and branches) at the begining dormant stage; A trial was conducted on Latossolo Vermelho Escuro Orto group (Orthox) at Buri, São Paulo State, Brazil. The material was collected from 'Ohio Beauty' and 'Brazil' apples grafted on 'Doucin' 1-2; 3-4; 4-5 and 6-7 years old. The main conclusions were as follows: a) differences were observed on dry matter production by two varieties at the different stages of growth; b) differences were also observed between the two varieties on the matter production in the leaves and "trunk + branches" at the flowering stage, as well as by the leaves and branches pruned at the begining of dormant stages; c) differences were observed betwen the two varieties concerning to nutrient concentration (on dry matter basis) on the fruits collected at different stages of growth. Same results were observed on leaves and "trunk + branches" collected at flowering period; d) differences were observed on the exportation of the nutrients referring to growth period of fruit; e) at the flowering and dormant period, differences were observed on the contents of nutrients in the leaves, 'trunk + branches', on the two varieties; f) the nutrient exportation by the fruits obyed the following order: K>N>P>S>Ca>Mg>Fe>B > Cu > Mn > Zn > Mo; g) the nutrient extration by the aerial part the apple trees obyed the following order: N > K > Ca > Mg > P > S > Fe > B > Cu = Mn = Zn.

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