Polymorphic Inversion and Esterase Loci Complex on Chromosome 2 of Drosophila buzzatii. I. Linkage Disequilibria

Chromosome 2 inversion, Est-l and Est-2 haplotype frequencies were determined for 19 wild D. buzzatii collections from the known range of this species in Australia. Three different chromosome 2 sequences (ST, j, j z3) were polymorphic across the collections. They occurred at overall frequencies which approximated those in the ancestral New World and colonized Old World populations, which indicated that no radical genetic change was associated with the colonization of Australia by D. buzzatii. Linkage disequilibria of Est-l and Est-2 alleles with the inversions tended to be strong, and consistent in direction, in almost all collections. The distributions of conditional allele frequencies within the different inversions were consistent with stochastic historical explanations for the linkage disequilibria. Significant linkage disequilibria between Est-l and Est-2 were evident after correcting for the inversions, but these disequilibria largely were restricted to southern (higher latitude) populations, and were inconsistent in direction among the collections. Hence, population bottlenecks may underlie these genic disequilibria.

Download Full-text

Polymorphic Inversion and Esterase Loci Complex on Chromosome 2 of Drosophila buzzatii II. Spatial Variation

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9880239 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 239 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

WR Knibb ◽

JSF Barker

Keyword(s):

Environmental Variables ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Allele Frequencies ◽

Frequency Variation ◽

Chromosome 2 ◽

Potential Influence ◽

Linkage Disequilibria ◽

Drosophila Buzzatii ◽

Esterase Loci ◽

And Inversion

The potential influence of linked inversions on allele frequency variation at the Est-l and Est-210ci among Australian populations of D. buzzatii was determined by statistical analyses of allele and inversion gametic frequencies. Most of the significant spatial and climatic associations found for all Est-l allele frequencies, and for one allele only of Est-2 (Est-2c+), were accounted for by their linkage disequilibria with the inversions, which covaried with environmental variables. Consistent with this result, the spatial and climatic associations for conditional Est-l and Est-2 allele frequencies tended to be different from those for the respective unadjusted allele frequencies. In one important respect, the results for Est-l and Est-2 were not altered by inversions. For both unadjusted and conditional Est-l allele frequencies, few climatic associations remain after correcting for geographic location, whereas for both unadjusted and conditional Est-2 allele frequencies, climatic associations remain after correcting for geographic location. Thus, apparent selection affecting allele frequencies at the Est-2 locus is not accounted for by linked inversions.

Download Full-text

TEMPORAL AND MICROGEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN ALLOZYME FREQUENCIES IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF DROSOPHILA BUZZATII

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/112.3.577 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 112 (3) ◽

pp. 577-611

Author(s):

J S F Barker ◽

P D East ◽

B S Weir

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Environmental Variables ◽

Allele Frequencies ◽

Significant Heterogeneity ◽

Linkage Disequilibria ◽

Drosophila Buzzatii ◽

Genotype Frequencies ◽

Microgeographic Variation ◽

Significant Linkage ◽

Over Time

ABSTRACT Temporal variation in allozyme frequencies at six loci was studied by making monthly collections over 4 yr in one population of the cactophilic species Drosophila buzzatii. Ten sites were defined within the study locality, and for all temporal samples, separate collections were made at each of these sites. Population structure over microgeographic space and changes in population structure over time were analyzed using F-statistic estimators, and multivariate analyses of allele and genotype frequencies with environmental variables were carried out.—Allele frequencies showed significant variation over time, although there were no clear cyclical or seasonal patterns. A biplot analysis of allele frequencies over seasons within years and over years showed clear discrimination among years by alleles at four loci. During the 4 yr, three alleles showed directional changes which were associated with directional changes in environmental variables. Significant associations with one or more environmental variables were found for allele frequencies at every locus and for both expected and observed heterozygosities (except those for Est-1 and Est-2). Thus, variation in allele frequencies over time cannot be attributed solely to drift. Significant linkage disequilibria were detected among three loci (Est-2, Hex and Aldox), but there was no evidence for spatial or temporal patterns.—The F-statistic analyses showed significant differentiation among months within years for all loci, but the statistic used (coancestry) was heterogeneous among loci. Estimates of F (inbreeding) for all loci were significantly different from zero, with the loci in four groups, Adh-1 (negative), Pgm (small positive), Est-2 and Hex (intermediate) and Est-1 and Aldox (high positive). The correlation of genes within individuals within populations (f) for each locus in each month by site sample differed among loci, as did the patterns of change in f over time (seasons). Heterogeneity in the F-statistic estimates indicates that natural selection is directly or indirectly affecting allele and genotype frequencies at some loci. However, the F-statistic analyses showed essentially no microgeographic structure (i.e., among sites), although there was significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies among flies emerging from individual rots.—Thus, microspatial heterogeneity probably is most important at the level of individual rots, and coupled with habitat selection, it could be a major factor promoting diversifying selection and the maintenance of polymorphism. Resolution of the nature of this selection and of the apparent inbreeding detected at all loci except Adh-1 will require detailed study of the breeding structure of the population at the microhabitat level (individual rots) and of gene flow within the population.

Download Full-text

Blockchain Disrupting Fintech and the Banking System

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2021074024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Eduard Alexandru Stoica ◽

Daria Maria Sitea

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Big Data ◽

Financial Institutions ◽

New World ◽

Great Part ◽

Banking System ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Almost All

Nowadays society is profoundly changed by technology, velocity and productivity. While individuals are not yet prepared for holographic connection with banks or financial institutions, other innovative technologies have been adopted. Lately, a new world has been launched, personalized and adapted to reality. It has emerged and started to govern almost all daily activities due to the five key elements that are foundations of the technology: machine to machine (M2M), internet of things (IoT), big data, machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). Competitive innovations are now on the market, helping with the connection between investors and borrowers—notably crowdfunding and peer-to-peer lending. Blockchain technology is now enjoying great popularity. Thus, a great part of the focus of this research paper is on Elrond. The outcomes highlight the relevance of technology in digital finance.

Download Full-text

A Good Land

Braided Waters ◽

10.1525/california/9780520298590.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 69-98

Author(s):

Wade Graham

Keyword(s):

Invasive Species ◽

Market Economy ◽

New World ◽

Traditional Farming ◽

Seasonal Labor ◽

Almost All

This chapter describes events from 1845 to 1869. By the time of the Mahele, much of Molokai was a shadow of its former self, its population having dropped steeply from a reported 6,000 in 1832 to about 3,400 in 1850; then, after recovering a few hundred by 1855, dropping further to 2,864 in 1860. The ruins of former hamlets, fishponds, and kalo loi were visible seemingly everywhere. Yet, because of its isolation, the island bore few marks of the new world outside: few haoles lived there, and almost all land was in Hawaiian hands; most residents subsisted on traditional farming and fishing, with some seasonal labor at Lahaina in the whaling economy; little shipping stopped there, and few of the biological intrusions such as invasive species and grazing animals had made an appearance. Nevertheless, a transition to the market economy was going on.

Download Full-text

Problems and Promises of Pietism Research

Church History ◽

10.1017/s0009640700130264 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 536-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jonathan Strom

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

Field Research ◽

Church History ◽

Recent Scholarship ◽

Almost All ◽

Church Historians

Since 1970, when Church History last published a review of Pietist scholarship, there have been significant contributions to almost all areas of the field. Research on Pietism—once the distinct province of German church historians—has become increasingly international as well as interdisciplinary in scope as Germanists, musicologists, social historians, and historians of Christianity explore the influence of this movement in Europe and the New World. The yearbookPietismus und Neuzeit, the magisterial four volume handbookGeschichte des Pietismus, and the first International Pietism Congress in 2001 all testify to the vitality of current scholarship in this field. As much recent scholarship makes clear, Pietist research can contribute significantly to how historians understand the development of Christianity in the last three hundred years.

Download Full-text

Revision of Anisepyris Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), with description of 135 new species

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4416.1.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4416 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

DIEGO N. BARBOSA ◽

CELSO O. AZEVEDO

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

New World ◽

Additional Species ◽

Neotropical Species ◽

Identification Keys ◽

Species Groups ◽

Almost All ◽

First Time ◽

Female Genital

The identity of many species of Anisepyris Kieffer is currently unknown, mostly because the available taxonomic data are not sufficiently accurate to allow for precise identifications. To solve this problem, all 121 described species were investigated, including the analyses of 115 holotypes and 26 allotypes. Almost all Neotropical species of Epyrinae and many from the Nearctic were also examined in order to recognize possible species of Anisepyris misclassified in other genera. The ten species-groups included in Anisepyris are redefined. And the female genital structures of the genus are investigated for the first time. Based on this, we recognize 119 previously described species as belonging to Anisepyris, one species is transferred to Laelius Ashmead, L. foveaticeps (Rosmann & Azevedo) comb. nov., one is transferred to Chlorepyris Kieffer, C. nigerrimus (Evans) comb. nov., and 135 new species are described to science, so that the genus is now contains 254 species. They are recorded from 31 countries of the New World. Lectotypes are designated for A. aurichalceus (Westwood) and A. planiceps (Fabricius). The previously identified species-groups are re-organized into six, and seven additional species-groups are proposed are new. Identification keys for Anisepyris species-groups and species are provided.

Download Full-text

Tarantula phylogenomics: A robust phylogeny of multiple tarantula lineages inferred from transcriptome data sheds light on the prickly issue of urticating setae evolution

10.1101/501262 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stephen Foley ◽

Tim Lueddecke ◽

Dong-Qiang Chen ◽

Henrik Krehenwinkel ◽

Sven Kuenzel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

Strong Support ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Ancestral State ◽

Transcriptome Data ◽

Large Size ◽

The Family ◽

History Of ◽

Almost All ◽

First Time

Mygalomorph spiders of the family Theraphosidae, known to the broader public as tarantulas, are among the most recognizable arachnids on earth due to their large size and widespread distribution. Their use of urticating setae is a notable adaptation that has evolved exclusively in certain New World theraphosids. Thus far, the evolutionary history of Theraphosidae remains poorly understood; theraphosid systematics still largely relies on morphological datasets, which suffer from high degrees of homoplasy, and traditional targeted sequencing of preselected genes failed to provide strong support for supra-generic clades (i.e. particularly those broader than subfamilies). In this study, we provide the first robust phylogenetic hypothesis of theraphosid evolution inferred from transcriptome data. A core ortholog approach was used to generate a phylogeny from 2460 orthologous genes across 25 theraphosid genera, representing all of the major theraphosid subfamilies, except Selenogyrinae. For the first time our phylogeny recovers a monophyletic group that comprises the vast majority of New World theraphosid subfamilies including Aviculariinae and Theraphosinae. Concurrently, we provide additional evidence for the integrity of questionable subfamilies, such as Poecilotheriinae and Psalmopoeinae, and support the non-monophyly of Ischnocolinae. The deeper relationships between almost all subfamilies are confidently inferred for the first time. We also used our phylogeny in tandem with published morphological data to perform ancestral state analyses on urticating setae. This revealed that the evolution of this important defensive trait might be explained by three equally parsimonious scenarios.

Download Full-text

Evolutionary history of Drosophila buzzatii. XV. Meiosis of inversion heterozygotes in backcross hybrids between D. buzzatii and its sibling D. koepferae

Genome ◽

10.1139/g89-438 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 262-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H. Naveira ◽

E. Hauschteck-Jungen ◽

A. Fontdevila

Keyword(s):

Relative Increase ◽

Chromosome 2 ◽

Hybrid Male ◽

Hybrid Male Sterility ◽

Heterozygous Condition ◽

Introgressed Segment ◽

Drosophila Buzzatii ◽

Backcross Hybrids ◽

History Of ◽

Drastic Effect

Interspecific F1 hybrid females between Drosophila koepferae and D. buzzatii are fertile, but hybrid males are sterile. By successive backcrossing of hybrid females to D. buzzatii males, it was possible to reduce progressively the genomic contribution of D. koepferae to the hybrid karyotype. Finally, only selected chromosome sections containing inversions restricted to D. koepferae were individually left in the otherwise D. buzzatii karyotype, namely: 2 C2b – F4a (j9m9n9), 3 C5a – G1b (k2), 4 E2a – G2f (m), and 5 C5d – F2h[Formula: see text]. Any of these sections produces hybrid male sterility in heterozygous condition. The present paper deals with the influence of these chromosome sections on meiosis. The observed abnormalities varied according to the introgressed segment borne by the hybrid males. The section from chromosome 2 of D. koepferae, representing about 6.7% of the total polytene karyotype, had the most drastic effect, giving rise to the same phenotype observed in the F1 hybrids, which was characterized by the complete lack of meiotic stages. The disruption produced by the chromosome section containing inversion 3 k2 (4.9% of the karyotype) was only a little more severe than that containing [Formula: see text] (4.2% of the karyotype), and both may be distinguished only quantitatively. Anaphase I exhibited precocious separation of sister chromatids and aberrant segregations; metaphase II was also always abnormal, with the chromosomes separated into their constituent chromatids and no apparent junction between sister centromeres; anaphase II rarely took place, and then it was always highly abnormal, with aberrant segregations and frequent tripolar or tetrapolar spindles; finally, cytokinesis also failed quite often, giving rise to multinuclear spermatids. The introgression of the chromosome segment containing inversion 4 m (3.2% of the karyotype) produced the least deviation from normal meiosis, which consisted simply of a relative increase in the number of metaphase II among the cells undergoing meiosis. These results show a positive correlation between the size of the introgressed segments and the importance of the disturbances they bring about. A similarity with some described meiotic-sterile mutations is suggested.Key words: Drosophila, hybrids, meiosis, chromosomal inversions.

Download Full-text

Dental anomalies in Caluromys (Marsupialia, Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae, Caluromyinae) and a reassessment of malformations in New World marsupials (Didelphimorphia, Microbiotheria and Paucituberculata)

Mammalia ◽

10.1515/mammalia-2017-0039 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 500-508

Author(s):

Gabriel M. Martin ◽

María Amelia Chemisquy

Keyword(s):

Root Morphology ◽

New World ◽

The Other ◽

Dental Anomalies ◽

Supernumerary Teeth ◽

Missing Teeth ◽

Occlusal Surfaces ◽

Almost All

Abstract Dental anomalies have been documented in almost all mammalian orders, and include supernumerary or missing teeth, teeth with aberrant occlusal surfaces and/or roots and teeth in unusual positions. Our objectives were the description and categorization of dental anomalies in all species of the genus Caluromys. We studied 462 crania, recorded and classified dental anomalies in four categories: variations in occlusal/root morphology; teeth in unusual positions; supernumerary/missing teeth; presence of unshed deciduous premolars. We found anomalies in all species, with a percentage ranging from 11% to 6.3%. Caluromys derbianus produced anomalous M4/m4 and flipped crowns, the other two species produced higher numbers of missing teeth. We infer that flipped crowns might have consequences in mastication, while other anomalies seem to be less functionally important, especially those at the end of the toothrow. Comparisons with other New World marsupials show caluromyines have more anomalies in M4/m4 shape (similar to microbiotherids) and flipped crowns, while didelphids have more supernumerary teeth, and caenolestids have more missing teeth.

Download Full-text

Brave New Sex – Aldous Huxley und die „Sexual Politics“ der Dystopie

Politisches Denken. Jahrbuch - Politisches Denken. Jahrbuch: Volume 30, Issue 1 ◽

10.3790/jpd.29.1.123 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 123-143

Author(s):

Jonas Nesselhauf

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

Gender And Sexuality ◽

Aldous Huxley ◽

Power Structures ◽

Biological Sex ◽

Patriarchal Ideology ◽

Future Society ◽

Brave New World ◽

Almost All ◽

And Control

The dystopian novel Brave New World (1932) by British writer Aldous Huxley (1894 – 1963) depicts a future society, in which every form of individualism is nothing but a ‚system error‘. Although the biological sex as well as sexuality (as a form of reproduction) itself have basically become irrelevant, the totalitarian system abides by a patriarchal ideology in order to suppress and control its inhabitants. This may, at a first glance, both affect male and female – but actually, using the examples of family, gender and sexuality, affects inherently more women than men in their everyday life or their social roles. Thus, 20th century novels such as Huxley’s Brave New World stand for a paradigmatic shift: While almost all ‚classical‘ utopias establish a patriarchal structure as a ‚stable‘ foundation for their society, it is in contrast maintained in the later (post–)‌modern dystopian novels mainly as a negative example in order to illustrate systemic injustices and sexist power structures.

Download Full-text