Interspecific Hybridisation Between Trifolium repens and T. uniflorum

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
KK Pandey ◽  
JE Grant ◽  
EG Williams
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Interspecific Hybridisation ◽  
Parent Species ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
F2 Hybrids ◽  
Fertile Hybrids

Several partially fertile hybrids (2n = 32) were produced by embryo culture from crosses of the type T. repens (2n = 32) female × T. uniflorum (2n = 32) male . The reciprocal crosses, although giving better seed development in vivo, were less successful in producing viable hybrid plants. Backcrosses to both parent species and F2 hybrids were also produced. Hybrid materials were variable with respect to morphological characteristics but broadly within the expected intermediate range. Their root systems were generally coarser and deeper than that of T. repens, offering the prospect of improved resistance to beetle larvae and drought. One F1 hybrid proved to be highly self-compatible, although derived from self-incompatible parent species. Pollen fertility ranged from 0 to 58% for F1 hybrids, 0 to 13% for F2 hybrids, 0 to 84% for backcrosses to T. repens and 0 to 26% for backcrosses to T. uniflorum. Marked seasonal variations in pollen fertility were also observed. Up to two quadrivalent chromosome associations per pollen mother cell were observed at meiosis in F1 hybrids, indicating some intragenomic pairing of T. repens chromosomes. Quadrivalent associations were also observed in an F2 hybrid and three backcrosses to T. repens.

Interspecific hybridisation and cytogenetic studies in ornamental sunflower breeding

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Atlagic ◽  
V. Secerov-Fiser ◽  
R. Marinkovic
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Interspecific Hybridisation ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Dominant Phenotype ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
The Common ◽  
Chromosome Bridges

This study examined the possibility of using wild sunflower species as a source of desirable genes in breeding the common ornamental sunflower. Crossing 7 wild species with 6 inbred lines of common ornamental sunflower produced F1 hybrid plants only with Helianthus argophyllus and H. petiolaris. The F1’s exhibited the dominant phenotype of the wild species. Cytological analysis showed irregularities in meiosis and low pollen fertility in F1 hybrids. The most frequent configuration was 15 bivalents and 1 quadrivalent and 13 bivalents and 2 quadrivalents. The presence of quadrivalents at diakinesis indicated the occurrence of translocations. In a small percentage of anaphase I meiocytes, chromosome bridges were detected resulting from inversions. The occurrence of translocations and inversions showed the differences in chromosome structure among the crossed species. Helianthus argophyllus and H. petiolaris may be useful in ornamental sunflower breeding as valuable sources of desirable genes.

scholarly journals Characterization of F1 interspecific hybrids between wild Helianthus annuus L. populations and cultivated sunflower

Genetika ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreten Terzic ◽  
Jovanka Atlagic ◽  
Dejana Pankovic
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Helianthus Annuus L ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Pollen Vitality

Phenotype, chromosomes pairing and pollen vitality were compared between parental populations and F1 hybrids of interspecific cross between Helianthus annuus L. and cultivated sunflower. The investigation of the simple sequence repeats (SSR) polymorphism was also used to test the hybrid nature of F1 populations. The phenotypic traits of F1 hybrid plants were either closer to the wild species or intermediate. Irregular chromosome pairing was found in only 0 to 10% of meiocytes in the meiosis of F1 hybrid plants. Interspecific crosses were confirmed with SSR markers in all hybrid combinations. Alleles that were not present in parental DNA were frequently observed in F1 hybrids. That is additional evidence that those hybrid combinations were not produced by self-fertilization. The results suggest that SSR markers can be efficiently used for the F1 hybrid characterization in crosses between closely related species, in which, the changes of phenotype, meiosis and pollen vitality are not always significant.

CHROMOSOME HOMOLOGY AT PACHYTENE IN DIPLOID MEDICAGO SATIVA, M. FALCATA AND THEIR HYBRIDS

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Ho ◽  
K. J. Kasha
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Meiotic Behaviour ◽  
Pachytene Stage ◽  
Parent Species ◽  
Linkage Studies ◽  
Chromosome Homology ◽  
High Pollen ◽  
Hybrid Plants

One line of diploid M. sativa, two lines of diploid M. falcata and 68 F1 hybrid plants were investigated. The meiotic processes were regular in the F1 hybrids and their pollen fertility was similar to the parent species. The idiograms of the pachytene chromosomes of M. sativa, M. falcata and their F1 hybrid were prepared from a total of 60 cells in which all the chromosomes were analysable. Although the idiograms differed in total lengths their patterns were very similar and indicate that the chromosomes of these lines are essentially identical. Based on meiotic behaviour and high pollen fertility of F1 hybrids and the idiograms at pachytene stage, it was concluded that the chromosomes of M. sativa and M. falcata appear to be homologous. It was suggested that genetical studies of the two species (especially linkage studies) can be combined and that trisomic plants produced from crosses between M. sativa and M. falcata could be used to identify the alfalfa chromosomes.

scholarly journals Effect of Meiotic Polyploidisation on Selected Morphological and Anatomical Traits in Interspecific Hybrids of Brassica oleracea × B. napus

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Marasek-Ciolakowska ◽  
Piotr Kamiński ◽  
Małgorzata Podwyszyńska ◽  
Urszula Kowalska ◽  
Michał Starzycki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Interspecific Hybridisation ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
F2 Hybrids ◽  
F2 Generation ◽  
Head Cabbage ◽  
F1 Generation

In Brassica, interspecific hybridisation plays an important role in the formation of allopolyploid cultivars. In this study, the ploidy of F1 and F2 generations resulting from interspecific hybridisation between B. oleracea inbred lines of head cabbage (B. oleracea L. var. capitata) (2n = 18) and kale (B. oleracea L. var. acephala) (2n = 18) with inbred lines of rapeseed (B. napus L.) (2n = 38) was examined by flow cytometry analysis and chromosome observation. Furthermore, the effect of meiotic polyploidisation on selected phenotypic and anatomical traits was assessed. The F1 hybrids of head cabbage × rapeseed (S3) and kale × rapeseed crosses (S20) were allotriploids with 2n = 28 chromosomes, and nuclear DNA amounts of 1.97 (S3) and 1.99 pg (S20). These values were intermediate between B. oleracea and B. napus. In interspecific hybrids of the F2 generation, which were derived after self-pollination of F1 hybrids (FS3, FS20) or by open crosses between F1 generation hybrids (FC320, FC230), the chromosome numbers were similar 2n = 56 or 2n = 55, whereas the genome sizes varied between 3.81 (FS20) and 3.95 pg 2C (FC230). Allohexaploid F2 hybrids had many superior agronomic traits compared to parental B. napus and B. oleracea lines and triploid F1 hybrids. In the generative stage, they were characterised by larger flowers and flower elements, such as anthers and lateral nectaries. F2 hybrids were male and female fertile. The pollen viability of F2 hybrids was comparable to parental genotypes and varied from 75.38% (FS3) to 88.24% (FC320), whereas in triploids of F1 hybrids only 6.76% (S3) and 13.46% (S20) of pollen grains were fertile. Interspecific hybrids of the F2 generation derived by open crosses between plants of the F1 generation (FC320, FC230) had a better ability to set seed than F2 hybrids generated from the self-pollination of F1 hybrids. In the vegetative stage, F2 plants had bigger and thicker leaves, larger stomata, and significantly thicker layers of palisade and spongy mesophyll than triploids of the F1 generation and parental lines of B. oleracea and B. napus. The allohexaploid F2 hybrids analysed in this study can be used as innovative germplasm resources for further breeding new vegetable Brassica crops at the hexaploid level.

scholarly journals Identity of genes of resistance to broomrape race G in sunflower lines of different origin

2021 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
S.Z. Guchetl ◽  
◽  
T.A. Antonova ◽  
N.M. Araslanova ◽  
T.A. Chelyustnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Russian Research

Broomrape is an obligate parasite and one of the most significant biotic factors reducing sunflower yield. The main means of controlling broomrape is breeding for sunflower resistance to it. New strategies are required to develop parasite resistant breeding germplasm, such as a stacking of key genes or a combination of qualitative and quantitative resistance mechanisms. In this regard, it is necessary to keep searching for new sources of resistance and to combine existing genes in case they are not identical. Thus, it is necessary to determine whether the genes of resistance to race G of broomrape are identical in the sunflower lines bred at the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. The research material was the previously developed sunflower lines RG, RGP1, RGP2, RGВ, RGL1, RGL2, and RGM – donors of resistance to race G of broomrape. The F1 hybrids from pair crossbreeding of these lines were obtained in a greenhouse. The F2 hybrids were obtained in the field by self-pollination of F1 hybrid plants. Plants were tested in a greenhouse for resistance and susceptibility to broomrape using the method of early diagnosis. Mathematical processing was performed by using the χ 2 -test. 13 combinations of crossbreeding were received to complete the test for allelism. In each F1 combination 11–33 plants were evaluated for resistance to race G of broomrape. Among the tested combinations, there was no one resistant to broomrape. Despite the differences in the number of affected plants, the affection degree was small in all hybrid combinations – from 1.0 to 1.8. All F2 hybrid combinations were also affected by broomrape. For eight combinations of F2, two phenotypic classes were found. There was no segregation in three combinations. The number of plants of two combinations was too small to perform χ 2 -test. In general, the χ 2 values were higher than the acceptable ones with a probability of 0.05, which indicates that the genes of resistance to race G of broomrape in these lines are identical.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA and Functional Investigations into the Radiosensitivity of Four Mouse Strains

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven B. Zhang ◽  
David Maguire ◽  
Mei Zhang ◽  
Yeping Tian ◽  
Shanmin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition ◽  
Permeability Transition ◽  
Radiation Sensitivity ◽  
Mitochondrial Swelling ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Maternal Input ◽  
Permeability Transition Pores

We investigated whether genetic radiosensitivity-related changes in mtDNA/nDNA ratios are significant to mitochondrial function and if a material effect on mtDNA content and function exists. BALB/c (radiosensitive), C57BL/6 (radioresistant), and F1 hybrid mouse strains were exposed to total body irradiation. Hepatic genomic DNA was extracted, and mitochondria were isolated. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption, ROS, and calcium-induced mitochondrial swelling were measured. Radiation influenced strain-specific survivalin vivo. F1 hybrid survival was influenced by maternal input. Changes in mitochondrial content corresponded to survivalin vivoamong the 4 strains. Calcium-induced mitochondrial swelling was strain dependent. Isolated mitochondria from BALB/c mice were significantly more sensitive to calcium overload than mitochondria from C57BL/6 mice. Maternal input partially influenced the recovery effect of radiation on calcium-induced mitochondrial swelling in F1 hybrids; the hybrid with a radiosensitive maternal lineage exhibited a lower rate of recovery. Hybrids had a survival rate that was biased toward maternal input. mtDNA content and mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTP) measured in these strains before irradiation reflected a dominant input from the parent. After irradiation, the MPTP opened sooner in radiosensitive and hybrid strains, likely triggering intrinsic apoptotic pathways. These findings have important implications for translation into predictors of radiation sensitivity/resistance.

Analysis of pollen fertility in aneuploid hybrids with substitutions for specific chromosomes or their arms in cotton G.hirsutum L.

Biomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-379
Author(s):  
M.F. Sanamyan ◽  
Sh.U. Bobokhujaev
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Chromosome 7 ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Chromosome 6 ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Strong Decrease ◽  
Cotton Genome ◽  
Hybrid Plants

Analysis of pollen fertility in interspecific aneuploid F1 hybrids with substitutions of specific chromosomes (2, 4, 6, 7, 18) and chromosome arms (telo 6, telo11) of the cotton genome G. hirsutum L. revealed a decrease in fertility in all hybrid plants. It was shown that hybrid monosomics for chromosome 2 were characterized by a slight decrease in pollen fertility; hybrid monosomics of different families with substitution on chromosome 4 and on chromosome 6 - a significant decrease; hybrid monosomics with substitution on chromosome 7 and 18, as well as monotelodisome hybrid plants with substitution of an individual arm of chromosome 6 or 11 - a strong decrease, which indicated the existence of specific differences in pollen fertility in hybrid monosomic plants with substitution of specific chromosomes of the cotton genome due to the formation of partially unbalanced haplo-deficient gametes.

scholarly journals Shattercane X ALS-Tolerant Sorghum F1 Hybrid and Shattercane Interference in ALS-Tolerant Sorghum

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Werle ◽  
Jared J. Schmidt ◽  
John Laborde ◽  
Angela Tran ◽  
Cody F. Creech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Hybrid Fitness ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Hybrid Plants

ALS-tolerant grain sorghum cultivars are expected to be available for farmers within the next few years. Knowing that: i) crosses between sorghum and shattercane are likely to occur resulting in crop-to-weed gene flow; ii) ALS-susceptible shattercane X ALS-tolerant grain sorghum F1 hybrids (hybrids) were ultimately resistant to ALS-herbicides under field conditions; and iii) hybrid fitness is equal to, or greater than, the wild parent, we conducted a greenhouse study to compare the competitive effect of shattercane and hybrid on sorghum, and whether or not herbicide application would influence the competitive ability of the hybrid plants. An additive design was used where weed densities varied while that of crop remained constant. The treatment design was a factorial with two weedy genotypes, shattercane and hybrid, with the hybrid being either exposed or not exposed to an ALS-herbicide application (nicosulfuron (26.25 g ai ha-1) + rimsulfuron (13.16 g ai ha-1)), and five weed densities (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 plants pot-1). Sorghum density was kept at 1 plant pot-1. F-tests were performed to compare differences across treatment levels. Shattercane and hybrid produced similar amounts of total above ground biomass within each density, and herbicide exposure did not decrease hybrid biomass production. Moreover, shattercane and hybrid competed similarly with sorghum, and a herbicide application did not reduce the competitive ability of the hybrid. Sorghum wild relatives must be managed by alternative methods before and during the adoption of ALS-tolerant sorghum technology to avoid gene flow and crop yield loss due to competition.

scholarly journals PRODUCTIVITY OF F1 HYBRID PLANTS OBTAINED BY CROSSING DWARF AND LOW-GROWING LINES AND HIGH-GROWING VARIETIES OF G. HIRSUTUM L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5(74)) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
M.Zh. Israilov ◽  
G.A. Muratov ◽  
S.G. Boboev ◽  
A. Muratov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Productivity ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Intermediate Type ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Diallel Crossing ◽  
Recessive Genes ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Dominant Genes

This article presents the results of an analysis of studies on the variability of the trait of plant productivity and its components in cotton F1 hybrids, obtained on the basis of complete diallel crossing of dwarf, low-growing lines with tall cotton varieties of the species G. hirsutum L. It was revealed that in F1hybrids according to the harvest of raw cotton and its constituent elements, it varies differently depending on the genotypes of the parent components and combinations of crosses. Moreover, in F1 hybrids, a sign of the productivity of plants and its components shows dominance and overdomination of the signs of better and worse parents, aswell as an intermediate type of inheritance. It has been established that the indicator of the number of bolls and the yield of raw cotton per plant in tall varieties is controlled mainly by dominant genes, and the raw mass of one box of these varieties is controlled mainly by recessive genes

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR OF MELANOCYTES IN GUINEA PIG SKIN

1970 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Billingham ◽  
Willys K. Silvers
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Migratory Behavior ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
White Skin ◽  
Black Skin ◽  
Transplantation Antigens

Pigment spread is the natural or experimentally procured (through grafting) progressive encroachment of pigmentation from black or red skin areas into juxtaposed white skin areas, or from black skin areas into red skin areas in spotted guinea pigs and other mammals. So far as spread from black into white skin is concerned, it had previously been shown that migration of epidermal melanocytes into skin lacking homologues of these cells was responsible. However, since red skin already has its own complement of phenotypically "red" melanocytes, the intriguing possibility remained that when black pigment encroaches upon red, rather than melanocyte migration being responsible, phaeomelanin (red)-producing melanocytes are transformed into eumelanin (black)-producing cells by some kind of serially transmissible factor derived from contiguous eumelanotic melanocytes. By utilizing two isogenic strains (Nos. 2 and 13) of spotted guinea pigs and their F1 hybrids, the mechanism underlying the spread of pigment from black into red skin has been analyzed, employing cellular transplantation antigens as melanocyte "markers." The findings demonstrate unequivocally that a physical migration of pigment cells is responsible. By comparing the extents of pigment spread from black ear skin grafts, or from epidermal cell suspensions prepared therefrom, from parental strain or from F1 hybrid donors in white host skin areas of F1 hybrid guinea pigs, it has been possible to evaluate the influence of the intimate contact of melanocytes with alien transplantation antigens on their survival and migratory behavior. No evidence was forthcoming that pigment spread takes place less readily when the cells responsible are confronted by epidermal cells bearing foreign antigens than when they are confronted by cells of their own antigenic constitution. These findings are contrary to expectation if the phenomena of allogeneic inhibition or contact-induced cytotoxicity apply to normal cells in in vivo situations.

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