Evaluating pasture legumes for resistance to aphids

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Nair ◽  
A. D. Craig ◽  
G. C. Auricht ◽  
O. R. Edwards ◽  
S. S. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphis Craccivora ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Pasture Legume

Sixteen pasture legume species from 11 genera (Astragalus, Biserrula, Hedysarum, Hymenocarpus, Lotus, Medicago, Ononis, Ornithopus, Scorpiurus, Trifolium and Trigonella) were evaluated for resistance to 3�aphid species (Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) fm. maculata, Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji, and Aphis craccivora Koch) at 14, 28 and 42 days after the legumes were sown in a glasshouse. Eleven of the 16 cultivars/accessions were resistant to T. trifolii, 8 were highly resistant to A. kondoi but none of the accessions or cultivars were resistant to A.�craccivora at all growth stages. Ononis alopecuroides L. and Ornithopus compressus L. were the most resistant of all plants tested. The amount of resistance to the aphids was significantly affected by the age of the plants, but was less pronounced in the case of A. kondoi.

scholarly journals Relative toxicity of some insecticides and azadirachtin against four crop infesting aphid species

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
M Khalequzzaman ◽  
Jesmun Nahar
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphis Craccivora ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Relative Toxicity ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Residual Film ◽  
Aphis Gossypii Glover ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch

Indirect application was used to assay the toxicity of five insecticides; viz. malathion, carbosulfan, cymbush, imidacloprid and azadirachtin against four important crop infesting aphid species, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), reared on bean, brinjal, potato and cauliflower plants respectively. Residual film technique was applied by bringing leaves with tested aphids of the vegetable plants in the laboratory. Malathion was the least toxic to all aphids having LC50 as 327.97, 333.92, 305.26 and 313.77 μg cm-2 for A. craccivora, A. gossypii, M. persicae and M. persicae respectively. Cypermethrin was the most toxic showing LC50 as 12.55, 12.29, 12.55 and 12.10 μg cm-2 in the above mentioned species of aphid respectively. Carbosulfan and imidacloprid showed moderate toxicity. Azadirachtin as a natural plant origin insecticide proved to be the most toxic having LC50 as 0.41 μg cm-2 for A. craccivora, 0.34 μg cm-2 for A. gossypii and 0.44 μg cm-2 for both M. persicae and L. erysimi. Key words: Insecticide, toxicity, azadirachtin, Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Lipaphis erysimi   doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1950 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 31-34

Studies on the ecology of Aphis craccivora Koch (Hem., Aphididae), the vector of rosette disease of groundnuts, in Uganda

1972 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Aphis Craccivora ◽  
Cassia Tora ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Macroptilium Atropurpureum ◽  
Carry Over

Observations on Aphis craccivora Koch at Serere, Uganda, in 1964–68 showed that dry season carry-over of aphids could occur on the common weeds Euphorbia hirta and E. prostrata; at other times aphids were seen on Gliricidia sepium, Cassia tora, Centrosema pubescens and Macroptilium atropurpureum, the last two being increasingly used as pasture legumes. In pot tests, attempts to transfer the virus through G. sepium, Cassia tora, Stylosanthes guianensis and Centrosema pubescens were unsuccessful. Volunteer groundnuts growing in open situations were an important source of virus and vector. Field studies on menazon-sprayed and unsprayed plants closely or widely spaced showed that aphid numbers increased rapidly on the groundnut crop 31–45 days from emergence but declined rapidly as the plants matured. Superficially the plants appeared to be free of aphids but large populations were often found on hypanthia, flowers and gynophores. Coccinellids, especially Cheilomenes sulphurea (Ol), were important predators. Aphid numbers were far higher on groundnuts with low plant densities, possibly because the number of favoured feeding sites is increased, but the number of plants infested was not significantly different at high and low densities. Yellow panels had little effect on aphid numbers. Spraying with menazon (294 g active ingredient/ha, 5 times) prevented breeding by incoming alates.

A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their potential for inclusion in Mediterranean-type farming systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Loi ◽  
J. G. Howieson ◽  
B. J. Nutt ◽  
S. J. Carr
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Ley Farming ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Pasture Legume

A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their root-nodule bacteria has been released to agriculture in Mediterranean-type environments. These new species emanate from selection activity focussed upon ‘alternative legumes’. In 1992, in response to changing constraints upon production, a program was initiated which sought species with different ideotypic traits to the traditional annual medics and clovers used in agriculture in southern Australia. Traits sought in the new species were deeper root systems, improved persistence from higher hardseed levels, acid tolerant symbioses, tolerance to pests and diseases and ease of harvesting with conventional cereal harvesters. Several cultivars of species new to Australian agriculture such as biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus), French serradella (Ornithopus sativus), gland clover (Trifolium glanduliferum) and improved varieties of arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) were developed and have had rapid adoption and impact in southern Australian ley- and phase-farming systems. This paper reviews the importance of ley farming for Australian agriculture, the shortcomings of the traditional medics and clovers and the imperatives for a second generation of annual pasture legume species to be developed. In addition to enhancing ley farming, the commercial availability of a second generation of annual pasture legume species has provided a much needed impetus for the development of more flexible and sustainable farming systems.

Intrinsic capacity for nutrient foraging predicts critical external phosphorus requirement of 12 pasture legumes

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme A. Sandral ◽  
Rebecca E. Haling ◽  
Megan H. Ryan ◽  
Andrew Price ◽  
Wayne M. Pitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Pasture Legume

The mainstream pasture legume species such as Trifolium subterraneum, T. repens and annual Medicago spp. used in the temperate pasture systems of southern Australia have high critical external requirements for phosphorus (P) (i.e. P required to achieve 90% of maximum yield). This work aimed to identify alternative pasture legume species that could be used in systems with lower P input. Shoot and root biomass of 12 species of pasture legume was measured in response to seven rates of P applied to the top 48 mm of soil in a pot experiment. Most species had maximum yields similar to T. subterraneum, but some required only one-third of the applied P to achieve this. The critical external P requirement of the species, ranked from lowest to highest, was as follows: Ornithopus compressus = O. sativus < Biserrula pelecinus < T. michelianum = T. vesiculosum = T. glanduliferum < T. hirtum = Medicago truncatula = T. purpureum = T. incarnatum < T. spumosum = T. subterraneum. An ability to maximise soil exploration through a combination of high root-length density, high specific root length and long root hairs (i.e. a large specific root-hair-cylinder volume) was associated with a low critical external P requirement. The results indicate that Ornithopus spp. could be used to achieve productive, low P-input pasture systems.

The effect of phosphorus on the growth and chemical composition of some tropical pasture legumes. I. Growth and critical percentages of phosphorus

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
CS Andrew ◽  
MF Robins
Keyword(s):  
Legume Species ◽  
Tropical Pasture ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Vigna Luteola ◽  
Pasture Legume ◽  
Pot Culture

Nine tropical and one temperate pasture legume species were grown in pots of soil with varying additions of phosphate. Growth responses and chemical conlposition of the plant tops were recorded, and from the latter, critical percentages of phosphorus were established. These were verified by using data from two soils in the pot culture investigation and a total of six field sites. Glycine javanica and Desmodium intortum were the most responsive species in pots, and Stylosanthes humilis and Lotononis bainesii were the least responsive species. The quantity of phosphorus per pot accumulated in the tops of the plants was greatest for Stylosanthes humilis and Lotononis bainesii at all treatment levels. Critical percentages of phosphorus in the tops of Phaseolus Iathyroides, Phaseolus atropurpureus, Stylosanthes humilis, Centrosema pubescens, Glycine javanica, Lotononis bainesii, Medicago sativa, Desmodium uncinatum, Desmodium intortum, and Vigna luteola sampled at the immediate pre-flowering stage of growth were 0.20, 0.24, 0.17, 0.16, 0.23, 0.17, 0.24, 0.23, 0.22, and 0.25% phosphorus respectively.

Potency of Three Botanical Oils Against the Aphis Craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) Nymphs Under Laboratory Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
MA Hossain ◽  
MS Yasmin ◽  
MAA Bachchu ◽  
MA Alim
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Aphis Craccivora ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Insect Mortality ◽  
Oil Repellent ◽  
Swietenia Mahagoni

Botanicals are promising and attractive alternatives for pest management. In the present study, three botanical oils namely neem (Azadirachta indica), karanja (Pongamia pinnata) and mehogony (Swietenia mahagoni) were tested against the nymphs of Aphis craccivora Koch to evaluate the toxic and repellent effects under laboratory conditions (25 ± 5oC, 65-75% RH). Four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) along with control were maintained with distilled water and tween-20 was used as emulsifier. Leaf dipped method were used for insect bioassay. Insect mortality was recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours after intervals while repellency was carried out at 2 hours after intervals upto 10th hours and the collected data were analyzed through MSTAT-C program. Results indicated that all the tested oils had toxic and repellent effects against the A. craccivora nymphs. Among the tested botanical oils, no significant difference was observed in terms of mortality over treatment time. But significant difference was noticed over level of concentrations exerted by the botanical oils. The average highest mortality (28.62%) was recorded by the application of mehogony oil whereas neem oil showed the lowest mortality (27.21%) against the A. craccivora and the mortality was directly proportional to the level of concentrations and hour after treatment (HAT). Probit analysis showed the lowest LD50 values of mehogony oil which revealed the highest toxic effect against the nymph of bean aphid. The highest repellent effect (77.33%) was found in mehogony oil (repellent class IV) among all the botanical oils applied. On the contrary, neem (57.33%) and karanja (55.00%) oils belonged to the same repellent class that is repellent class II. Although all the tested botanical oils evaluated showed toxic and repellent effects but mehogony oil performed as the best potent oil against the nymphs. We therefore suggested using the mehogony oil for the management of bean aphid. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 139-154 (2021)

Landscape position, sampling time and tillage, but not legume species, affect labile carbon and nitrogen fractions in a four-year-old rejuvenated grazed pasture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gazali Issah ◽  
Jeff Schoenau ◽  
J. Diane Knight
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Time ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Substrate Quality ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Over Time

Termination by tillage is one strategy used for regenerating pasture stands. Yet, research gaps exist on how tillage affects carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) forms and amounts in western Canadian soils. We measured total soil organic C (SOC), dissolved organic C (DOC), total dissolved N (TDN), light fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON), microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), and inorganic N as indicators of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. After tillage termination in fall 2018, we sampled soils (0‒10cm; 0‒15cm) under three legume species (alfalfa, cicer milkvetch and sainfoin) three times (spring, summer and fall of 2019) across three landscape positions. Legume species did not affect the measured parameters. Over time, tillage affected DOC, TDN, and inorganic N. Averaged across three pasture legumes and three landscape positions, tillage increased DOC 29% by summer. Fall-applied tillage led to 59% and 33% higher TDN in the succeeding summer and fall. Inorganic N increased by 14% and 40% across landscape positions and sampling after tillage. Averaged across landscape positions, MBC decreased by 31% from spring to summer and increased by 51% from summer to fall. However, MBN increased by 53% and decreased by 5% within the same period. The seasonal fluctuations in MBC/MBN reflected variations in moisture, temperature, and substrate quality. Total SOC, LFOC, and LFON increased on the upper slopes and fall sampling time. Although single intensive tillage did not affect total SOC, several tillage operations could accelerate SOM loss and reduced total C storage over time.

scholarly journals Genetic transformation of western clover (Trifolium occidentale D. E. Coombe.) as a model for functional genomics and transgene introgression in clonal pasture legume species

Plant Methods ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim A Richardson ◽  
Dorothy A Maher ◽  
Chris S Jones ◽  
Greg Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Trifolium Occidentale ◽  
Pasture Legume

Variability of in vitro ruminal fermentation and methanogenic potential in the pasture legume biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidhyut Kumar Banik ◽  
Zoey Durmic ◽  
William Erskine ◽  
Phillip Nichols ◽  
Kioumars Ghamkhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Core Collection ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Pasture Legume

Biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.) is an important annual pasture legume for the wheatbelt of southern Australia and has been found to have lower levels of methane output than other pasture legumes when fermented by rumen microbes. Thirty accessions of the biserrula core germplasm collection were grown in the glasshouse to examine intra-specific variability in in vitro rumen fermentation, including methane output. One biserrula cultivar (Casbah) was also grown at two field locations to confirm that low methanogenic potential was present in field-grown samples. All of the biserrula accessions had significantly reduced methane [range 0.5–8.4 mL/g dry matter (DM)] output compared with subterranean clover (28.4 mL/g DM) and red clover (36.1 mL/g DM). There was also significant variation in fermentability profiles (except for volatile fatty acids) among accessions of the core collection. Methanogenic potential exhibited 86% broad-sense heritability within the biserrula core collection. The anti-methanogenic and gas-suppressing effect of biserrula was also confirmed in samples grown in the field. In conclusion, biserrula showed variability in in vitro fermentation traits including reduced methane production compared with controls. This bioactivity of biserrula also persists in the field, indicating scope for further selection of biserrula as an elite methane-mitigating pasture.

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