Control of the biennial thistle, Onopordum, by amitrole and five perennial grasses

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (32) ◽  
pp. 332 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Michael
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Distribution Studies ◽  
Apparent Susceptibility

Experiments carried out from 1959 to 1967 Rear Goulburn in the southern tablelands of New South Wales were designed to test the relative effectiveness of the perennial grasses, Bromtls inermis C.P.I.7073, Dactylis glomerata CV. Brignoles, Festuca arumdinacea CV. Demeter, Lolium perenne CV. Victorian, and Phalaris tuberosa CV. Australian in seasonal control of the biennial thistle Onopordum. The grasses were sown in autumn and in spring. Amitrole (0.5 lb active ingredient an acre) was used to suppress the thistles in the first season. Harvests of the autumn- and spring-sown plots in December 1959 showed large decreases in yield of thistles and increases in yield of grass due to spraying, but in two or three years these effects had disappeared. Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne were the most productive grasses at the December 1959 harvest, but the former gave better thistle control. Harvests of the autumn-sown plots in October 1963 showed that Dactylis glomerata and Festuca arundinacea gave the best control of thistles, while in 1966 Dactylis glomerata had almost disappeared and was no longer effective. In 1966, Festuca arumdinacea and Phalaris tuberosa were the only grasses giving effective thistle control. Harvests of the autumn-sown plots in October 1960 showed an increase in yield of the sown grasses but not of the thistles to 30 and 60 lb nitrogen applied in August 1960 before active spring growth of thistles began. Despite a stronger growth of thistles in the first season, the spring-sown grasses showed essentially the same pattern of thistle control as the autumn-sown grasses throughout the remainder of the trial period. Root distribution studies in 1961 showed that Dactylis glomerata had a much higher proportion of its roots in the top six inches than either Festuca arundinacea or Phalaris tuberosa. The greater surface rooting habit of Dactylis glomerata was considered to be important in determining its early success in thistle control, its exclusion of Trifolium subterraneum and its apparent susceptibility to a drought experienced in 1964-65. On the other hand, the deeper rooting habit of Festuca arundinacea and Phalaris tuberosa was taken to explain their persistence and long-term success in thistle control.

Yield and persistence of selected perennial grasses in south-western Australia

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (81) ◽  
pp. 522 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Rogers ◽  
DA Nicholas ◽  
RA Maller ◽  
GW Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Gravelly Soils

Nine lines of Dactylis glomerata, five of Phalaris tuberosa, two of Festuca arundinacea, and two of Lolium perenne were compared over a three year period for survival and seasonal yield on two sites on lateritic gravelly soils in south-western Australia. On plots sown broadcast at two seeding rates and grazed periodically, yield and density were measured. On other plots that were drill sown and grazed either continuously or rotationally, density only was measured. In the broadcast plots, there was no interaction between seeding rates and plant yield or plant density. There were significant differences in yield of sown grass between lines in all years, but in total yield (i.e. sown grass plus volunteer annuals) at one site only. Significant differences in density between lines were recorded in all plots. At one site final plant density was similar in the broadcast and drill sown plots, whereas at the second site there were large differences between the broadcast and drilled plots. On a survival and yield basis the best lines of each were D. glomerate cv. Currie, P. tuberosa cv. Australian, F. arundinacea CPI 15301, and L. perenne CPI 15914. F. arundinacea gave outstanding winter yields.

Comparative productivity of perennial and annual pastures under continuous grazing by sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (119) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Rogers ◽  
EF Biddiscombe ◽  
RJW Barron ◽  
DJ Briegel
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Rainfall Region

The productivity of sheep grazing clover based pastures with and without sown perennial grasses was evaluated at two sites in the 500-550 mm rainfall region of south-western Australia. The grasses were Phalaris aquatica, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, and Festuca arundinacea (one site only). There were significant differences between the effects of the pastures on liveweight change in each year. The inclusion of perennial grasses tended to reduce liveweight loss during autumn and early winter, when the range of differences in weight change was commonly 4-6 kg/head. Most consistent results were obtained in the sheep grazing P. aquatica and F. arundinacea pastures; D. glomerata, L. perenne, and annual pastures were more variable between seasons and between sites. Significant differences were also found in wool production. Sheep grazing F. arundinacea and P. aquatica showed mean adjusted fleece weights 0.29-0.76 kg/head greater than those from sheep grazing annuals. At the end of the experiments, survival of sown grasses at the respective sites was 17 and 25 plants/m2 for P. aquatica, 43 and 29/m2 for D. glomerata, 27/m2 for F. arundinacea, and less than 1/m2 for L. perenne. The contribution of perennials to total herbage tended to decline with time. The results suggest that advantages in liveweight and wool production may be gained by the addition of some perennial grasses to the pastures of the region.

Persistence of temperate perennial grasses in cutting trials on the central slopes of New South Wales

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 832 ◽  
Author(s):  
BD Hill
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
South Wales

Nine experiments were conducted on six different sites in the medium-rainfall (about 700 mm per year) area of central New South Wales to measure the persistence of 15 perennial grasses. Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica and P. aquatica x P. arundinacea) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) cultivars were the most persistent, while perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars, Demeter fescue (Festuca arundznacea) and perennial veldt grass (Ehrharta calycina) were only short-lived. The cultivars of phalaris were generally similar to each other in persistence, although in some trials Sirocco and Siro 1146 were more persistent and Seedmaster was less persistent than Australian. Berber was the most persistent cocksfoot cultivar, followed by Currie, then Brignoles. Medea was the most persistent perennial ryegrass cultivar, followed by Kangaroo Valley, then Victorian.

scholarly journals Establishment, annual yield and nitrogen response of eight perennial grasses in a high country environment

2008 ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Fasi ◽  
A. Mills ◽  
D.J. Moot ◽  
W.R. Scott ◽  
K. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Nitrogen Response ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs

An experiment was established within the Lees Valley (400 m a.s.l.), Canterbury out of low producing, browntop dominant grassland. The aim was to quantify dry matter (DM) production of improved perennial grasses in relation to temperature and nitrogen inputs. Ten grass monocultures were established in 2006. Keywords: Bromus stamineus, Bromus valdivianus, Dactylis glomerata, dryland, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, pasture establishment, Phleum pratense

Evaluation of mineral fertilizer effects in a long-term experiment on a planted sward

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre Kádár
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Agropyron Cristatum ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Long Term Experiment

Egy műtrágyázási tartamkísérlet 32. évében, 2005-ben vizsgáltuk az eltérő N-, P- és K-ellátottsági szintek és kombinációik hatását a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis) vezérnövényű, nyolckomponensű, pillangós nélküli gyepkeverék termésére, fejlődésére és elemtartalmára. A termőhely mészlepedékes csernozjom talaja a szántott rétegben mintegy 3% humuszt, 3–5% CaCO3-ot és 20–22% agyagot tartalmazott, N és K elemekben közepesen, P és Zn elemekben gyengén ellátottnak minősült. A kísérlet 4N×4P×4K = 64 kezelést×2 ismétlést = 128 parcellát foglalt magában. A talajvíz 13–15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a terület aszályérzékeny. A vizsgált 2005. évben azonban kielégítő mennyiségű (649 mm) csapadék hullott és annak eloszlása is kedvező volt. A gyep telepítése spenót elővetemény után 2000. szeptember 20-án történt gabona sortávra 60 kg·ha–1 vetőmaggal, amelynek 25%-át (15 kg) a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis); 21–21%-át (12,6 kg) a nádképű csenkesz (Festuca arundinacea) és az angol perje (Lolium perenne); 9%-át (5,4 kg) a taréjos búzafű (Agropyron cristatum), valamint 6–6%-át (3,6 kg) a vörös csenkesz (Festuca rubra), a réti komócsin (Phleum pratense), a zöld pántlikafű (Phalaris arundinacea) és a csomós ebír (Dactylis glomerata) tette ki. Főbb eredményeink: – A meghatározó N-trágyázás nyomán a szénatermés 5-szörösére emelkedett a két kaszálással a N-kontrollhoz viszonyítva. A maximális 10 t·ha–1 körüli légszáraz szénahozamokat a 300 kg N·ha–1·év–1 N-adag, valamint a 150 mg·kg–1 körüli AL-P2O5-, illetve 150 mg·kg–1 feletti AL-K2O-tartalom biztosította. Növénydiagnosztikai szempontból a nagy terméshez kötődő optimális elemtartalom 2% körüli N- és K-, illetve 0,2–0,3% P-koncentráció volt a szénában. – A két kaszálással felvett minimum (a 2 t·ha–1 körüli szénatermést adó N-kontroll) és maximum (a 10 t·ha–1 körüli szénahozamú, nitrogénnel és PK-vel jól ellátott talajok) elemmennyiségek a következőképpen alakultak: N 21–196 kg, K 39–188 kg, Ca 9–48 kg, Mg 4–22 kg, P 6–21 kg. – Az N×P és N×K kölcsönhatások kifejezettebbé váltak a 2. kaszálás idején. A P 0,18–0,55%, a NO3-N 86–1582 mg·kg–1, a Cu 4,7–7,4 mg·kg–1, a Mo 0,7–4,1 mg·kg–1 extrém értékeket jelzett az N×P kezelések függvényében. Az N×K kezelésekben a K 1,44–2,73%, a Mg 0,26–0,39%, a Na 71–2178 mg·kg–1, a Ba 4,1–9,6 mg·kg–1, a Cd 15–44 µg·kg–1 szélsőértékekkel volt jellemezhető. A Sr a 10–26 mg·kg–1 koncentrációtartományban módosult a P×K-ellátottság nyomán. Élettani, takarmányozástani szempontból az indukált kölcsönhatások nyomon követése elengedhetetlen, amennyiben olyan mérvű tápelemhiányok, illetve aránytalanságok jöhetnek létre, melyek anyagcserezavarokat okozhatnak a növényt fogyasztó állatban.

scholarly journals Can pasture persistence be improved through the use of nonryegrass species?

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
G.D. Milne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Recent Discussion

Recent discussion about pasture persistence concentrates on pastures based on perennial ryegrass, the most commonly used grass species. This paper raises the question as to whether some of the causes of poor pasture persistence are due to perennial ryegrass being used in environments to which it is not suited. The adaptation to environmental stresses, particularly water, temperature and nutrient deficiencies, in different regions of New Zealand of tall fescue, cocksfoot, phalaris, and lucerne are discussed, and how this impacts on persistence advantages over perennial ryegrass. Keywords: persistence, pasture, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica

scholarly journals Effects of grass species on ruminal degradability of silages and prediction of dry matter effective degradability

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jančík ◽  
V. Koukolová ◽  
P. Kubelková ◽  
B. Čermák
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Accuracy Level ◽  
Ruminal Degradability

Forty samples of grass silages, made from the five most widely used grass species in ruminant nutrition (<I>Dactylis glomerata</I> L.,<I>Phleum pratense</I> L., <I>Lolium perenne</I> L., <I>Festuca arundinacea</I> L. and hybrid Felina) were tested in the present study. These grass species conserved by an ensiling process were compared among each other according to dry matter (DM) rumen degradability parameters (<I>a</I> = portion of DM solubilized at initiation of incubation, <I>b</I> = fraction of DM potentially degradable in the rumen, <I>c</I> = rate constant of disappearance of fraction b and ED<sub>DM</sub> = effective degradability of DM, estimated for each ingredient assuming the rumen solid outflow rates of 0.02 (ED<sub>DM2</sub>), 0.05 (ED<sub>DM5</sub>) and 0.08 (ED<sub>DM8</sub>) h<sup>–1</sup>). Based on the chemical composition of grass silages the regression equations for prediction of ED<sub>DM</sub> were evaluated. The influence of the ensiling process on dry matter degradability parameters was also assessed. The best values of ED<sub>DM</sub> were determined for <I>Lolium perenne</I> (ED<sub>DM2</sub> = 753.2, ED<sub>DM5</sub> = 631.1 and ED<sub>DM8</sub> = 567.7 g/kg DM). The best predictor was NDF (<I>R</I><sup>2</sup>-values of 0.757 (ED<sub>DM2</sub>), 0.863 (ED<sub>DM5</sub>) and 0.906 (ED<sub>DM8</sub>)). Using two predictors the accuracy level increased. The combination of CF and NDF gave <I>R</I><sup>2</sup>-values 0.892, 0.920 and 0.929 for ED<sub>DM2</sub>, ED<sub>DM5</sub> and ED<sub>DM8</sub>, respectively. The regression equations based on the most important grass species harvested in different vegetation periods seem to be a useful tool for practical use. No significant <I>P</I> < 0.05) effect of the ensiling process in relation to dry matter rumen degradability parameters was proved.

Effects of continuous grazing and seasonal closures on the performance and persistence of some sown temperate perennial grasses, North-West Slopes New South Wales

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
North West ◽  
Basal Cover ◽  
Crown Density ◽  
Plant Frequency

A split-plot experiment was sown at Tamworth in 1992 to examine the effects of continuous sheep grazing and seasonal closures (autumn, spring, spring + autumn, and summer + winter) on the herbage mass, plant frequency and basal cover of 5 perennial grasses, when sown as monocultures or with a perennial (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa) or annual legume (Trifolium subterraneum var. subterraneum cv. Seaton Park). Plant basal area and crown density data were also collected. The perennial grasses were Phalaris aquatica cv. Sirosa, Festuca arundinacea, cv.� Demeter, Lolium perenne cv. Kangaroo Valley, Austrodanthonia richardsonii (syn. Danthonia richardsonii) cv.�Taranna, and A. bipartita (syn. D. linkii) cv. Bunderra. There was no significant effect of legume presence on the herbage mass or persistence of the perennial grasses. The only treatment that had a significant effect (P< 0.05) on either herbage mass, plant frequency or basal cover data was the grazing treatment × perennial grass interaction in each of the years 1993-98, except for herbage mass in December 1993 and basal cover in October 1998. In all of the grazing treatments examined, Kangaroo Valley ryegrass failed to persist after spring 1994; Demeter fescue had failed by spring 1997 and Sirosa phalaris by spring 1998. Six years after sowing the only temperate grass cultivars that were persisting in all grazing treatments were the native perennials, Taranna and Bunderra. Hence, the data represent the entire stand life from sowing to eventual failure for the 3 introduced cultivars. While grazing treatment effects within years for individual species were significant, overall grazing had little effect on the rate of decline in herbage mass and persistence of Kangaroo Valley, Demeter and Sirosa. By 1998, grazing treatment had no significant effect on the herbage mass and basal cover of Taranna and Bunderra, but their plant frequencies were lowest in the spring rest and summer + winter rest treatments.

scholarly journals Productivity of caucasian clover based pastures under irrigation

1996 ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
R.A. Moss ◽  
R.N. Burton ◽  
B.E. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Measurement Period

Grasslands Kara cocksfoot, Grasslands Nui ryegrass, Grasslands Roa tall fescue, Grasslands Gala grazing brome and Grasslands Maru phalaris were sown as single grass species with either white or Caucasian clover during December 1993, on a Lismore stony silt loam in Canterbury. Plots were irrigated and rotationally grazed by sheep. Total herbage produced during the first measurement period (September 1994 to July 1995) averaged 13.6 t DM/ha. All white clover-based swards produced similar yields, but with Caucasian clover, phalaris-based swards produced the most and ryegrass and grazing brome the least. Production tended to be lower from pastures sown with Caucasian than white clover (12.9 cf. 14.2,kg DM/ha). During the second measurement period (July 1995 to May 1996) total production was similar with both legumes. When evaluated over both measurement periods, phalaris and tall fescue gave the highest and cocksfoot and ryegrass the lowest production when sown with white clover, while cocksfoot and grazing brome were the lowestproducing swards with Caucasian clover. Ten --months-after-sow.ing,-white-cIover-contributed-in excess of40% of the DM in all swards except with ryegrass and grazing brome where it contributed 20%. The proportion of white clover then declined in all pastures over the following 20 months, ryegrass-based swards having the highest (10%) and cocksfoot the lowest (1%). When sown with Caucasian clover the legume content of swards increased during the 12 months from spring 1994 in swards containing phalaris, tall fescue and grazing brome. The proportion of legume in -cocksfoot swardsmdeclined-continuously from 22 to 4% over the 20 months while it increased continuously from 4 to 28% with ryegrass. The legume content in lo-month-old pastures was higher when sown with white than with Caucasian clover but this ratio was reversed by 28 months. This occurred with all pasture types but was most pronounced with ryegrass and cocksfoot pastures. The present experiment shows Caucasian clover can make a major contribution in irrigated pastures in Canterbury. 'Wattie Bush, RD 22, Peel Forest, Geruldine Keywords: Bromus stamineus, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, grazed pastures, herbage production, Lolium perenne, Phalaris aquatica, Trifolium ambiguum, Trifolium repens

scholarly journals A comparison of six grasses for animal production

1992 ◽  
pp. 147-150
Author(s):  
D.R. Stevens ◽  
G.S. Baxter ◽  
M.J. Casey ◽  
K.B. Miller ◽  
R.J. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Prairie Grass

Farmers are aware of the increasing amount of information comparing alternative cultivars in dry environments in New Zealand. Animal production data in cool moist environments was unknown. To compare relative animal performance six different grasses were sown with Grasslands Tahora white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in 0.25 ha plots in two replicates in December 1988 at the Gore Research Centre in Southland. The six grasses were Grasslands Nui perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Grasslands Roa tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L)., Grasslands Kara cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L). Grasslands Matua prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Ku&), Grasslands Hakari upland bmme (Bromus sitchensis), and Grasslands Kahu timothy (Phleum pratense L). These pastures were rotationally grazed with goats through spring and summer of the following two years; 2-weekly liveweight gain of 10 goats was recorded. Stocking rate was estimated from the addition of extra goats each week to achieve a residual pasture height of 100 mm. Spring liveweight gains (mid Sept-late Nov) were greatest on timothy and least on prairie grass. Stocking rate in spring was highest on the upland brome and tall fescue pastures and lowest for prairie grass and timothy pastures. Prairie grass pastures produced less total liveweight gain per ha than the other pastures. During summer, goat liveweight gains were ranked similarly to spring. Stocking rates were greatest on upland brome, and lowest on tall fescue. Total liveweight gain per ha in summer was greatest on the timothy pastures and least on prairie grass pastures. Keywords Bromus sitchensis, Bromus willdenowii, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, goats, Lolium perenne. liveweight gain, Phleum pratense, stocking rate, Trifolium repens

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