The accumulation of soil organic matter under pasture and its effect on soil properties

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (39) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
NJ Barrow
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Cent Increase ◽  
Exchange Acidity

Comparisons of paired virgin and pasture samples of Coolup sand showed that nitrogen had accumulated in the top 12.5 cm under pasture at an average of 24 p.p.m. per year. Carbon, sulphur, and organic phosphorus also accumulated to give C : N : S : P ratios of 118 : 10 : 1.2 : 0.47. The accumulation of sulphur accounted for about a quarter of the sulphur added in fertilizer and the accumulation of organic phosphorus accounted for about a tenth of the phosphorus added. Inorganic phosphorus had also accumulated but the amount varied between soils. The cation exchange capacity, as measured by summation of exchangeable cations and exchange acidity, increased by an average of 44 m-equiv. per g increase in nitrogen or 3.7 m-equiv. per g increase in carbon. Most of the increase was due to increases in exchange acidity. However, the buffering capacity of the soil for potassium was only slightly affected by the increase in organic matter. The water held by the soil between 0.1 bar and 15 bar suction increased by an average of 3.3 per cent per 0.1 per cent increase in soil nitrogen. When the soils were incubated the ratio of nitrogen mineralized to sulphur mineralized was large, especially when the incubation period was short. In the field there was a strong annual cycle of nitrogen and sulphur availability. Values were high in autumn, low in winter, and rose again at the end of spring.

Sustainable use of wetland soils in the eastern region of Uganda around Lake Victoria Basin

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zake ◽  
J. Y. Z. Kitungulu ◽  
H. Busurwa ◽  
F. Kyewaze
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Wetland Soils ◽  
Lake Victoria Basin ◽  
Eastern Uganda

Wetlands are not wastelands but wealth lands, which are widely distributed throughout Uganda currently covering 11% of the total land area. They are accessible to a large proportion of the population. As the country's population grows, people increasingly convert wetlands for other land uses such as farming, settlement among others thus making it difficult to enforce legislation for their protection, sustainable management and utilization. Their profound importance to both humans and wildlife calls for a concerted effort to ensure their sustainable utilization and attempts should be made to promote sustainable development of such wetlands with adequate considerations being given to human and environmental requirements. This study was therefore carried out to determine the effect of drainage on organic matter levels and on soil chemical changes in wetland soils in eastern Uganda around the Lake Victoria basin. Secondly, to assess potential lime requirements for drained wetland soils in eastern Uganda around the Lake Victoria basin, this would reflect on wetland soil buffering capacity. In green house studies it was found that drainage of wetland soils led to a reduction of organic matter relative to soil structure and where sulfur and iron were present in large amounts, drainage caused decrease in soil pH to moderately acidic levels; but in cases where exchangeable bases were present in large amounts there was an increase in soil pH. Lime requirements were greater where the amount of clay, organic matter and cation exchange capacity were high. Consequently, such wetland soils had a high buffering capacity. It was concluded that wetland soils should be characterized in terms of potential of acidification, level of organic matter, nutrient content, cation exchange capacity, soil texture and levels of trace elements. Decisions to drain or not to drain should depend on these parameters and other socio-economic considerations for the area.

Loss of soil organic matter following cultivation of long-term pasture: effects on major exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity

Soil Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Curtin ◽  
P. M. Fraser ◽  
M. H. Beare
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Exchangeable Cation ◽  
C Stocks

Cultivation of grassland is known to lead to the depletion of soil organic matter (SOM), but the effect on the size and composition of the exchangeable cation suite has not been documented. We measured cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations (calcium, Ca; magnesium, Mg; potassium, K; sodium, Na), as well as soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (0–7.5, 7.5–15, and 15–25 cm), 8 years after conversion of long-term ryegrass–white clover pasture (grazed by sheep) to annual crop production. The trial was near Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand. The trial included three tillage treatments: crops established using intensive cultivation (mouldboard ploughing), minimum tillage (shallow cultivation, ~10 cm), or no-tillage. The 8-year rotation was barley, wheat, pea, barley, pea, barley, barley, barley. A sheep-grazed pasture was maintained as an experimental control. The experiment also included a permanent fallow treatment (maintained plant-free using herbicides; not cultivated). After 8 years under arable cropping, soil C stocks (0–25 cm) were 10 t ha–1 less, on average, than under pasture. The vertical distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) was affected by tillage type, but the total amount of organic matter in the top 25 cm did not differ (P > 0.05) among the tillage treatments. Under permanent fallow (C loss of 13 t ha–1 relative to pasture), total exchangeable cation (Ca + Mg + K +Na) equivalents declined by 47 kmolc ha–1, a 20% decrease compared with pasture. Loss of exchange capacity resulted in the selective release of cations with lower affinity for SOM (K, Na, Mg). Smaller losses of exchangeable cations were recorded under the arable cropping rotation (average 31 kmolc ha–1), with no differences among tillage treatments. Effective CEC (at field pH) decreased under permanent fallow and cultivated treatments because of: (1) depletion of SOM (direct effect); and (2) soil acidification, which eliminated some of the remaining exchange sites (indirect effect). Acidification in the permanent fallow can be attributed to the N mineralisation process, whereas in the cropped systems, excess cation removal in harvested straw and grain accounted for about half of the measured acidification. There was evidence that the organic matter lost under arable cropping and fallow had lower CEC than SOM as a whole.

scholarly journals Effect of application of lime and fertilizers on cultivated peat soil

1968 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila ◽  
Ritva Ryti
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer

Soil samples were analysed from a long-term liming trial (38 years) and a fertilizing trial (36 years) on woody sedge peat soils at Tohmajärvi Experimental Station in eastern Finland. Five applications of 4000 or 6000 kg/ha of ground limestone increased the soil pH from 4.4 to 4.8 or 5.0, respectively. The cation exchange capacity was increased from 72 me/100 g to 76 or 80 me/100 g, and the base saturation from 43 per cent to 56 or 61 per cent, respectively, if the exchangeable cations were extracted by ammonium acetate at pH 7. The relative increases in the cation exchange capacity and base saturation percentage were even higher when determined by the method of Teräsvuori. The contents of exchangeable calcium and magnesium were increased and that of potassium decreased by liming. A lower application of lime, five times 2000 kg/ha, did not cause statistically significant changes. Owing to the large variation no significant effect of liming on the content of organic phosphorus or of various fractions of inorganic phosphorus in this soil could be detected. Liming did not increase the total amount of mineral nitrogen extracted by K2SO4-solution from the samples incubated under the labotatory conditions, but the highest application enhanced nitrification. Annual applications of 22 kg P/ha as superphosphate, 66 kg K/ha as 40 % or 50 % potassium fertilizer, and 15 kg N/ha as calcium nitrate alone or in any combination did not change the acidity or the cation exchange capacity of the soil in the fertilizing trial. The application of superphosphate was detectable as higher Bray 1 test values and higher contents of inorganic phosphorus in various fractions. The content of exchangeable potassium was about 0.2 me/100 g in plots N, P, and NP, about 0.3 me/100 g in plots PK and NPK, and more than 0.5 me/100 g in plots K and NK. This is well in accordance with the significant response in yields produced by phosphate in this trial. The accumulation of mineral nitrogen in the samples incubated under the laboratory conditions was highest in soil from plots K and NK, and lowest in soil from the plots PK and P.

The effects of nitrogen nutrition of plants on the development of acidity in Western Australian soils. I. Effects with subterranean clover grown under leaching conditions

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Jarvis ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ash Alkalinity ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Exchange Acidity

Subterranean clover was grown, under leaching conditions, in pots on cultivated and virgin acidic sandy soils from two sites in Western Australia. Nitrogen (N) was supplied to the plants either as NH+4, NO-3 or through symbiotic fixation. There were marked changes in the acidity of the soil as the result of the differences in catiot/anion balance induced by the different forms of N supplied. Thus plants supplied with NH+4 depressed the pH by 0.9 pH units, and those dependent upon fixation by 0.5 pH units. There was little change in pH when NO-3 was supplied. Changes in soil pH were strongly related to cation/ anion balance, with increasing acidity resulting from the decreasing ash alkalinity of shoots of plants supplied with NH+4. There were marked differences both between the two soils from the same site, as well as between soils from the two different sites, in the relationships between pH and soluble aluminium and pH and exchange acidity. It is suggested that differences in the form, as well as differences in the total amount, of organic matter could play a major role in controlling the development of acidity in such soils of low, permanent cation exchange capacity.

THE DETERMINATION OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS AND CATION-EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF SOILS USING DILUTE NICKEL CHLORIDE

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-365
Author(s):  
Joseph Baker ◽  
W. T. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Nickel Chloride ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Silicate Clay

The use of nickel as a displacing ion in the determination of exchangeable cations and cation-exchange capacity was evaluated using several British Columbia soils. The values for exchangeable cations and cation-exchange capacity for the soils examined, using 0.25 normal neutral nickel chloride, were higher than those obtained by the ammonium acetate extraction method. For the most part, in samples examined, values were found to be more readily and consistently reproduced with the nickel chloride extractant. Dispersion of soil organic matter and silicate clay minerals was negligible, and the washing step involving ethanol has been eliminated.

Collaborative Study of the Cation Exchange Capacity of Peat Materials

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia A Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Satisfactory Degree ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Precision And Accuracy

Abstract To provide a measure of the total amount of exchangeable cations that can be held by peat expressed as mequiv./100 g air-dried peat, the modified method of Puustjärvi for cation exchange capacity has been proposed and studied collaboratively. The statistical treatment of the collaborators’ results indicate a satisfactory degree of precision and accuracy for the 3 products considered, moss, humus, and reed-sedge. The method for cation exchange capacity of peat materials, with the description of the transfer technique included, has been adopted as official first action. The 7 ASTM methods have been adopted as procedures.

Effect of Soil Constituents on Herbicide Activity in Modified-Soil Field Plots

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Weber ◽  
S.B. Weed ◽  
T.W. Waldrep
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Montmorillonite Clay ◽  
First Year ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Soil Constituents ◽  
Modified Soil

An organic muck and a montmorillonite clay were incorporated into the surface 7.6 cm of a structureless sandy soil at rates ranging from 26,880 to 89,600 kg/ha. Prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] and fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] were surface-applied and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were incorporated at two rates each in 1968, 1969, and 1970. Organic matter greatly reduced the biological activity of all three herbicides. Montmorillonite clay greatly reduced the activity of prometryne, slightly decreased the activity of fluometuron, and had no significant effect on trifluralin activity in all but the first year of the study. Both soil additives increased the cation exchange capacity of the soil. Muck decreased soil pH while montmorillonite increased it.

Cation exchange capacity of loess and overlying soil in the non-carbonate loess sections, North-Western Croatia

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Tomašić ◽  
Štefica Kampić ◽  
Iva Cindrić ◽  
Kristina Pikelj ◽  
Mavro Lučić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Oxalate Extraction ◽  
North Western

AbstractThe adsorption properties in terms of cation exchange capacity and their relation to the soil and sediment constituents (clay minerals, Fe-, Mn-, and Al-oxyhydroxides, organic matter) were investigated in loess, soil-loess transition zone, and soil at four loess-soil sections in North-Western Croatia. Cation exchange capacity of the bulk samples, the samples after oxalate extraction of Fe, Mn and Al, and after removal of organic matter, as well as of the separated clay fraction, was determined using copper ethylenediamine. Cation exchange capacity (pH∼7) of the bulk samples ranges from 5 to 12 cmolc/kg in soil, from 7 to 15 cmolc/kg in the soil-loess transition zone, and from 12 to 20 cmolc/kg in loess. Generally, CEC values increase with depth. Oxalate extraction of Fe, Mn, and Al, and removal of organic matter cause a CEC decrease of 3–38% and 8–55%, respectively, proving a considerable influence of these constituents to the bulk CEC values. In the separated clay fraction (<2 μm) CEC values are up to several times higher relative to those in the bulk samples. The measured CEC values of the bulk samples generally correspond to the clay mineral content identified. Also, a slight increase in muscovite/illite content with depth and the vermiculite occurrence in the loess horizon are concomitant with the CEC increase in deeper horizons, irrespective of the sample pretreatment.

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