Penilaian Status Kesuburan Tanah Desa Tijayan Kecamatan Manisrenggo Kabupaten Klaten

Tijayan Village is located in Manisrenggo District, Klaten Regency, which has an area of agricultural land in the form of rice fields which is 105.80 ha of 155.3 ha of the village area. The extent of agricultural land in Tijayan Village needs to be maintained to increase agricultural products ranging from rice, secondary crops, and horticulture commodities. The researcher found a lack of information about soil maintenance in Tijayan Village. Therefore, the researcher conducted this research to determine and study the soil fertility and soil management efforts based on the limiting factors of fertility in Tijayan Village. In addition, soil fertility assessment is based on a desk study, detailed survey, soil analysis, making fertility distribution maps, and descriptive analysis. Determination of soil fertility status based on Soil Research Guidelines published by Soil Research Center, Bogor Indonesia, with parameters of cation exchange capacity, base saturation, total phosphorus, total potassium, and C- organic. Map made by using the ArcGIS 10.4 application. The fertility of Tijayan Village is categorized as low soil fertility class. The limiting factors for soil fertility are soil cation exchange capacity 3.47 me/ 100 g until 12.33 me/100g, total potassium < 10 mg/100g, and C- organic 1.213% - 2.286% . Consequently, management needs to be done by adding organic matter to the soil, fertilizing organically or inorganically, and the principle of healthy plant cultivation for rice fields.

Estimating cation exchange capacity and clay content from agricultural soil testing data

Clay content and the ability to reversibly retain cations affect many essential chemical and physical properties of soil, such as pH buffering and carbon sequestration. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation are also commonly used as criteria in soil classification. However, determination of CEC and particle-size distribution is laborious and not included in routine soil testing. In this study, pedotransfer functions including soil test cations (STCat; Ca2+ + Mg2+ + K+), pH and soil organic carbon (SOC, %) as explanatory variables were developed for estimating CEC, titratable acidity (TA; H+ + Al3+) and clay content (clay, %). In addition, reference values for potential CEC and its components were determined for Finnish mineral and organic soils. The mean of potential CEC extracted by 1 M ammonium acetate at pH 7.0 ranged from 14 (range 6.4−25) in coarse soils to 33 (21−45) cmol(+) kg-1 in heavy clay soils, and from 42 (24−82) in mull soils to 77 (25−138) cmol(+) kg-1 in peat soils. The average CEC of clay and SOC were 27 and 160 cmol(+) kg-1, respectively. Titratable acidity occupied 53% and around 40% of the CEC sites in organic and mineral soils, respectively, evidencing that it is a prominent component of the potential CEC in these predominantly acidic soils. STCat, pH and SOC explained 96% of the variation in potential CEC. STCat and pH can be used in estimating the clay content especially for soils containing over 30% clay. In coarse textured soils, in contrast, SOC hampers the STCat based estimation of clay content.

Chemical, Mineralogical, and Rheological Characterization of Regional Clays for Potential Use in Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Products

Four clay samples from different deposits in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, were fractionated by dispersion and centrifugation for comparative tests with a standard commercial clay used for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. For this, they were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, measurements of cation exchange capacity, oil absorption and viscosity, in addition to particle sizes and plasticity indexes. The objective was to determine the physical and chemical properties of raw clays and the consequent granulometric fractions to evaluate their potential use in products with high added value. After fractionation, the samples showed significant amounts of smectite and kaolinite, which combined with the size, particle distribution, chemical composition, and high adsorption capacity, especially in the PDL and PV samples, make them potentially interesting for applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, they can also be used in spas and esthetic centers for therapeutic purposes based on their softness and cation exchange capacity.

PERFORMANCE OF LINEAR MODELS IN PREDICTING CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF CALCAREOUS SOILS

Determination of soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) in lab is cumbersome, time consuming, and costly. Accordingly, this article attempted to formulate pedotransfer functions for predicting it using some soil physical and chemical properties e.g., sand (SA), silt (SI), clay (CL), organic matter (OM) and calcium carbonate (CC). This research included four steps: preparing soil database; selecting independent variables which are related to CEC value; formulating models using NCSS 12.0.2 software, and the last step is to achieve specific objective of the research which is the comparsion among models by a series of efficiency criteria: root mean square error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (EF), average absolute percent error (AAPE), and percentage of improving model efficiency (PIME). The statistical results of the research indicated that CEC of calcareous soils could be predicted from models that have one variable (CL), two variables (CL and OM), and three variables (CL, OM, and CC) with slight decrease in the RMSE (2.95402, 2.81180, and 2.79268) respectively, and slight increase in the EF (0.887360, 0.898448, and 0.90023) respectively. While the reliable models to predict soil CEC are formulated from the fewer number of independent variables with having the lowest points of the standardized residual of CEC that greater than +2 cmolc kg-1).

Flooding and ecological restoration promote wetland microbial communities and soil functions on former cranberry farmland

Microbial communities are early responders to wetland degradation, and instrumental players in the reversal of this degradation. However, our understanding of soil microbial community structure and function throughout wetland development remains incomplete. We conducted a survey across cranberry farms, young retired farms, old retired farms, flooded former farms, ecologically restored former farms, and natural reference wetlands with no history of cranberry farming. We investigated the relationship between the microbial community and soil characteristics that restoration intends to maximize, such as soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity and denitrification potential. Among the five treatments considered, flooded and restored sites had the highest prokaryote and microeukaryote community similarity to natural wetlands. In contrast, young retired sites had similar communities to farms, and old retired sites failed to develop wetland microbial communities or functions. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates revealed that soil variables, in particular potassium base saturation, sodium, and denitrification potential, explained 45% of the variation in prokaryote communities and 44% of the variation in microeukaryote communities, segregating soil samples into two clouds in ordination space: farm, old retired and young retired sites on one side and restored, flooded, and natural sites on the other. Heat trees revealed possible prokaryotic (Gemmatimonadetes) and microeukaryotic (Rhizaria) indicators of wetland development, along with a drop in the dominance of Nucletmycea in restored sites, a class that includes suspected mycorrhizal symbionts of the cranberry crop. Flooded sites showed the strongest evidence of wetland development, with triple the soil organic matter accumulation, double the cation exchange capacity, and seventy times the denitrification potential compared to farms. However, given that flooding does not promote any of the watershed or habitat benefits as ecological restoration, we suggest that flooding can be used to stimulate beneficial microbial communities and soil functions during the restoration waiting period, or when restoration is not an option.

The Influence of Basalt Powder on the Physicochemical Properties of Impoverished Oxisoils from Ngaoundéré (Adamawa - Cameroon)

The present study aims at assessing the fertilizing potential of basalts on impoverished oxisoils from Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon). This specifically involves the application of finely ground basalts on impoverished oxisoils and monitoring changes in physicochemical properties during six months. An experimental design which consisted in a randomized complete block design is constituted of three series of four treatments each one: the control (ST), the control soil mixed with 100 g of finely ground basalt (T0 + BA_10), the control soil mixed with 200 g of finely ground basalt (T0 + BA_20), the control soil mixed with 300 g of finely ground basalt (T0 + BA_30). Each treatment was replicated ten times in every serie. The control treatment is only soils of Ng, collected at the top soil and without any basalt application. They are clayey, acid and display an average CEC. The basalt is rich in silica (47.52%), Calcium (8.22%), Magnesium (4.03%), sodium (4.01%), potassium (2.42%) and displays average content in alumina (16.54%) and iron (11.1%). The experiment was carried out in pots, and the incubated soil samples were analyzed after 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 months. The analyzes mainly focused on the physicochemical parameters (Grain size analysis, pH, Cation exchange capacity (CEC), the sum of exchangeable bases (SBE) and the saturation rate (V). Obtained results indicated that the application of basalt greatly improved the chemical properties of oxisoils from Ngaoundéré: the pH changes from acidic (5.5) to weakly acidic (6.5); the saturation rate, as well as the sum of exchangeable bases and the cation exchange capacity increased. Physicochemical properties of the soil are closely accompanied by an increase in fertility. It appears that 10 and 20% treatments are the most efficient treatments. Thus, the basalts from Manwi can be recommended as petrofertilizer to improve the chemical properties of impoverished soils and especially for plants requiring alkalis and alkaline earth.

The Influence of Mineralogy and Cation Exchange Capacity toward Electrical Resistivity Value

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is a method used for subsurface profiling in soil to characterize soil thickness, fracture zones, soil saturation, salinity and groundwater based on the electrical resistivity value (ERV). There are multiple factors that influence the electrical resistivity value, such as the porosity, degree of saturation, mineralogy, density, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and water resistivity. For this study, the effect of CEC towards resistivity value is studied via controlling the mineralogy factor, saturation, porosity and water resistivity. Thus, via understanding the CEC factor able to relate the resistivity and mineralogy of soil. This study is using a few common minerals in soil and rock, such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, quartz, mica, and feldspar. The particle sizes of all tested minerals were passing 0.063mm sieve. The basic index properties of minerals such as particle size distribution, specific gravity, and Atterberg limit were tested. The instruments of Terrameter LS2 and resistivity box were used to determine the resistivity value of minerals. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) machine was used to analyze the CEC of minerals via dilute with the ammonium acetate solution. The porosity and degree of saturation of minerals mixed with distill water were controlled between the range of 0.5 to 0.6 and 20% to 100%. The CEC of each mineral has different value, where the lowest and the highest minerals CEC in this study were Kaolinite and Montmorillonite at 1 and 70, respectively. The electrical resistivity values decrease with the increasing of CEC value and degree of saturation. The mineral that has higher CEC indicates lower resistivity value. Meanwhile, via increasing the degree of saturation of minerals were decrease its resistivity values.

Rehydration Driven Na-Activation of Bentonite—Evolution of the Clay Structure and Composition

A new method of Na-activation of raw bentonite, rich in Ca-montmorillonite, consisting of combined thermal treatment at 200 °C, followed by immediate impregnation with aqueous solution of Na2CO3 of concentration corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay, was investigated. Structural and compositional evolution of the activated solids after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of storage was monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD analysis indicated that within the investigated period of ageing transformation to Na-rich montmorillonite required Na2CO3 concentration of at least 1.0 CEC. FTIR spectra showed that, depending on the Na2CO3 concentration and ageing time, formation of Na-rich montmorillonite was accompanied by precipitation of poorly crystalline calcite, amorphous calcium carbonate, gaylussite (a double calcium-sodium carbonate), and portlandite (Ca(OH)2).

Synthesis of Zeolitic Material with High Cation Exchange Capacity from Paper Sludge Ash Using EDTA

Paper sludge ash (PSA) typically has a low Si abundance and significant Ca content because of the presence of calcite fillers, which interfere with the zeolitic conversion of PSA. Ca-masking with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used to reduce Ca interference during zeolite synthesis so that a zeolitic product with a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) could be synthesized. Hydroxysodalite, zeolite-P, hydroxycancrinite, tobermorite, and zeolite-A can be synthesized from PSA by an alkali reaction with EDTA. With the addition of EDTA, calcium ions in the solution were trapped by chelation, and the number of zeolitic crystals with low Si/Al (Si/Al = 1), zeolite-A, increased owing to the promotion of the synthesis reaction. A product with a high CEC that has a high zeolite-A content was obtained. The chelating agent can inhibit Ca interference for zeolite synthesis by Ca-masking, and a product with a high zeolite-A content can be obtained from PSA using EDTA.