The influence of phosphate fertilizer on the growth and yield of wheat in soil infested with cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.)

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Simon ◽  
AD Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Wheat Seedlings

In a field experiment, the numbers of immature females of cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) on roots of wheat at anthesis were 14 1, 220 and 324 per plant with 0, 100 and 400 kg/ha superphosphate respectively. The field site, with an average annual rainfall of 450 mm, was located at Coonalpyn, S.A. (35�4 1'S., 139� 52'E.) on a grey-brown, calcareous, loamy earth. Wheat seedlings were grown under controlled environment conditions in two soils with identical chemical and physical properties, but with initial populations of H. avenae of 1.1 and 5.8 eggs/g soil to study the response in shoot and root growth to superphosphate either mixed through the soil or banded with the seed. Using aldicarb, it was shown that H. avenae reduced the length of seminal root axes per plant by 33% in soil containing 1.1 eggs of H. avenae/g and by 74% in soil containing 5.8 eggs/g. Length of seminal root axes was not affected by superphosphate. The length of lateral roots per plant was increased by controlling H. avenae with aldicarb in soil containing 5.8 eggs/g but not in soil containing 1.1 eggs/g. When superphosphate was banded with the seed, the length of lateral roots per plant increased by 33% in soil containing 1.1 eggs/g and by 55% in soil containing 5.8 eggs/g. In soil containing the lower initial population of H. avenae, shoot dry weight was increased by 97% when superphosphate was mixed through the soil and 100% when banded with the seed. However, in soil containing the higher initial population of H. avenae, the responses were 48 and 94% to mixed and banded superphosphate respectively, indicating that plants severely infected with H. avenae are less able to utilize phosphate distributed through the soil. The results have practical implications in that the method of application and amount of superphosphate in fields infested with H. avenae will affect the build-up of the nematode when cereals are grown; furthermore, in infested soils, the plant response to superphosphate would be greater when the fertilizer is banded with the seed.

Pathogenic effects of Heterodera avenae and Rhizoctonia solani and their interaction on wheat

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Meagher ◽  
SC Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Pathogenic Effects

The effects of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera arenae and the fungus Rhizoctonin solani on the growth of wheat seedlings were examined under glasshouse conditions. In combination, the pathogens caused significantly greater reduction in tillering, plant height, fresh weight, and root number and length than that caused by either pathogen when acting alone. Reduction in plant height, root number, and root length were the result of interaction. Nematode-fungus interaction may be the cause of disease in the field usually attributed to only one of these pathogens.

The effects of cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) and Rhizoctonia solani on the growth and yield of wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Meagher ◽  
RH Brown ◽  
AD Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Root Pathogens

Field trials in a sandy mallee soil in Victoria have shown that large increases (up to 323%) in grain yield are obtained by soil fumigation or the application of nematicides. Development of the plants was enhanced by control of soil-borne root pathogens. The occurrence of both cereal cyst nematode (H. avenae) and Rhizoctonia solani in patches of poor wheat in a field trial in South Australia indicate a possible association between these two pathogens. Glasshouse studies showed that the effects of H. avenae and R. solani on wheat were greater when both pathogens were together than with each individually.

The relation between wheat yield and early damage of roots by cereal cyst nematode

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (116) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Simon ◽  
AD Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Physical And Chemical

A survey of 14 farmers' fields in the Northern Adelaide Plains in 1978 showed that cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) was the major factor limiting wheat yields, with a relation of r = -0.86 (P < 0.001) between damage to wheat roots at the seedling stage and grain yield. None of the 12 physical and chemical properties of the soils measured was related to cereal cyst nematode damage or grain yield. Samples taken from experimental plots with similar soil and climate showed a build up of H. avenae after four successive wheat crops and highly significant negative correlations between the damage to seminal roots by H. avenae, dry weight at flowering, and grain yield. A highly significant positive correlation of 0.84 existed between the damage to the seminal roots and the number of females (white cysts) on the roots at flowering.

Population estimates of cereal cyst nematode and response of wheat to granular nematicides

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (116) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM King ◽  
AD Rovira ◽  
PG Brisbane ◽  
A Simon ◽  
RH Brown
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Plant Assays

Response of vegetative growth and grain yield of wheat Triticum aestivum cv. Condor to the control of cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae by nematicides applied with the seed, in the drill row was assessed in twenty field trials. These trials were conducted in 1978 on three soil types near Coonalpyn, South Australia. Aldicarb was used at all sites and fosthietan and terbufos at four sites. Significant grain yield increases to aldicarb were obtained at 12 sites while yields were increased by the three nematicides at three sites. Numbers of eggs of H. avenae were determined in soil taken in January 1978, and these counts showed that all sites were infested over the range 0.03-8.5 eggs/g soil. Plant assays of the soils assessed the reduction in the length of seminal root axes (range 0-45%) and the severity of the root knotting caused by H. avenae. The egg densities in the soil, reduction in the length of the seminal root axes and disease ratings in the plant assay were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.75; P< 0.001 to 0.91, P< 0.001). These variables were not significantly correlated with grain yield increase due to aldicarb on the two major wheat soils studied, although a correlation, explaining 32-42% of the increase, existed when all sites were considered. A mathematical model based on cropping history and an estimated annual hatch of eggs of H. avenae failed to show a relation between these variables and the yield increase from nematicide. H. avenae caused severe disease and yield loss on calcareous loams and red duplex soils but had only minimal effects at the sites on siliceous sands.

Influence of cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) on wheat yields in South Australia

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (112) ◽  
pp. 516 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Rovira ◽  
PG Brisbane ◽  
A Simon ◽  
DG Whitehead ◽  
RL Correll
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Variety ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Yield Responses

Significant yield responses of up to 0.9 t/ha were obtained with the nematicides aldicarb and dibromochloropropane in seven of eleven field trials with the wheat variety, Condor. Both nematicides reduced the numbers of white cysts of Heterodera avenae on the roots of wheat. With aldicarb the increase in wheat yields varied directly as the decrease in white cysts: dibromochloropropane gave similar increases in yield as aldicarb with a greater reduction in cyst numbers. There was no yield increase with either nematicide when cereal cyst nematode was not present. An analysis of covariance indicated that over all the sites 64% of the increase in yield due to aldicarb could be explained in terms of cysts of cereal cyst nematode.

Effects of cultivation on Rhizoctonia root rot, cereal cyst nematode, common root rot and yield of wheat in the Victorian Mallee

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
RFde Boer ◽  
JF Kollmorgen ◽  
BJ Macauley ◽  
PR Franz ◽  
Boer RF De
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Direct Drilling

The effects of method, time and number of cultivations on root diseases and yield of wheat were studied in a field experiment, in 1985, on a calcareous sandy loam in the Victorian Mallee. The incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) were higher in direct-drilled wheat than in wheat sown after cultivation. Compared with direct drilling, the severity of rhizoctonia root rot in seedlings was reduced by 40% with cultivation 20 weeks before sowing; by 70% with cultivation 1 day before sowing; and by 90% with 2 cultivations, the first at 16 weeks and the second 1 day before sowing. Cultivation generally increased the incidence of common root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana) but had no significant effects on the severity of damage by the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) or the number of nematode cysts produced, compared with direct drilling. The incidence and severity of root diseases, and the number of H. avenae cysts produced, were not significantly different in wheat sown after rotary hoeing than in wheat sown after scarifying. The severity of damage by H. avenae, the number of nematode cysts and the incidence of common root rot were higher (45, 70 and 36%, respectively) when scarifying was done 1 day before sowing, compared with scarifying 20 weeks earlier. Differences in sowing depth probably caused this effect since seed was sown deeper (as indicated by subcrown internode lengths) and plant emergence was less in the latter treatment. The timing and number of cultivations with a rotary hoe, however, did not significantly affect the severity of damage by H. avenae, the number of nematode cysts or the incidence of common root rot. The incidence of common root rot was correlated (r = 0.71) with the subcrown internode lengths, indicating that the deeper the seed was sown the greater the proportion of plants with the disease. Dry weight of seedlings and grain yield were negatively correlated (r = -0.79 and -0.66) with the severity of damage caused by H. avenae. Plant dry weight and grain yield were, however, not correlated with the severity of rhizoctonia root rot or the incidence of common root rot.

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