Comparison of the performance of subterranean clover cultivars in southern New South Wales. 2. Effects of Phytophthora clandestina and bromoxynil on seedling survival, growth, and seed set

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 591 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
GM Murray ◽  
PD Cregan ◽  
PA Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
South Wales

Effects of the root disease caused by Phytophthora claiidestina were assessed at Wagga Wagga on 14 cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) following application of the herbicide bromoxynil. Seedling death over autumn-winter ranged from 22% in Trikkala, the most resistant cultivar, to 96% in Woogenellup, the most susceptible. Compared with previous years (1984-85), herbage yields and seed set of the most susceptible cultivars were depressed. Cultivars with the most severe disease symptoms (Woogenellup, Nungarin, Northam) did not set seed. Later maturing cultivars (Karridale, Enfield) appeared to recover from the disease and set more seed than earlier maturing cultivars (Dalkeith, Daliak) with similar reactions to P. clandestina. Field susceptibility (determined by leaf damage scores, seedling losses, and dry matter yield depression) was similar to glasshouse phytophthora ratings for most cultivars; however, Trikkala, Karridale, and Enfield were more affected in the field following herbicide application than expected from the glasshouse reaction. Trikkala, Junee, and Dalkeith were the cultivars most tolerant in the field to root rot, while Woogenellup, Northam, and Nungarin were the most severely affected. Leaf damage following herbicide application was greatest in cultivars showing the most severe root lesions and having the highest susceptibility to P. clandestina in a glasshouse test. P. clandestina reduced the productivity of susceptible subterranean clover cultivars and has the potential to reduce long-term persistence by reducing seed set.

Izmir subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
B. S. Dear ◽  
C. T. de Koning ◽  
D. L. Lloyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Good Seed ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pasture Legume

Izmir is a hardseeded, early flowering, subterranean clover of var. subterraneum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller collected from Turkey and developed by the collaborating organisations of the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program. It is a more hardseeded replacement for Nungarin and best suited to well-drained, moderately acidic soils in areas with a growing season of less than 4.5 months. Izmir seed production and regeneration densities in 3-year pasture phases were similar to Nungarin in 21 trials across southern Australia, but markedly greater in years following a crop or no seed set. Over all measurements, Izmir produced 10% more winter herbage and 7% more spring herbage than Nungarin. Its greater hardseededness and good seed production, makes it better suited to cropping rotations than Nungarin. Softening of Izmir hard seeds occurs later in the summer–autumn period than Nungarin, giving it slightly greater protection from seed losses following false breaks to the season. Izmir is recommended for sowing in Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Queensland. Izmir has been granted Plant Breeders Rights in Australia.

Beef production from lucerne and subterranean clover pastures. 1. The effects of pasture, stocking rate and supplementary feeding

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (107) ◽  
pp. 678 ◽  
Author(s):  
EC Wolfe ◽  
RD FitzGerald ◽  
DG Hall ◽  
OR Southwood
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
New South ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
South Wales ◽  
June July

The production and management of weaner steers on two pasture types were studied over 3 years at Wagga Wagga in southern New South Wales. One pasture (LC) was sown with a mixture of lucerne (Medicago sativa) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and the other (C) was sown only with subterranean clover. On each pasture the management treatments were 1.3 and 2.0 steers ha-' in 1975, and 2.1 and 3.0 steers ha-1 in 1976 and 1977, with a grain supplement at the heavier stocking rate in all years. Each year, steers gained more liveweight in February-March or April-May on LC than on C, and this advantage was maintained or increased until slaughter in the following January. The faster growth of steers on lucerne-clover was always associated with an increased supply of green herbage. Annual liveweight gain on LC exceeded that on C by 20-30 kg/head in 1975 and 1977, and by up to 90 kg/head in 1976, when the rainfall pattern was unsuitable for clover growth. Carcases from steers on LC were heavier (all years), covered with a greater depth of fat (1 975 and 1976) and showed better eye muscle development (1 76 and 1977) than those on C. In 1975, neither stocking rate nor supplementary feeding affected liveweight or carcase development. In the following 2 years, increasing the stocking rate from 2 to 3 steers ha-1 reduced annual liveweight gains by 35-40 kg/head. Oat grain supplements (2-3 kg/head day-1 in February-March, June-July and December-January) improved weight gains and carcase quality on both pasture types in 1977, but only on C in 1976

Differential tolerance of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover) cultivars to broadleaf herbicides 1. Herbage yield

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
GA Sandral ◽  
NE Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Differential Cultivar ◽  
Rate Of Recovery

The differential tolerance of 7 Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) cultivars to 5 broadleaf herbicide treatments applied at 2 rates was examined at 2 sites over 2 years. The herbicide treatments and the rate of active ingredient applied (kg a.i./ha) were 2,4-DB (0.8, 1.6), MCPA (0.5, 1.0), bromoxynil (0.28, 0.56), MCPA (0.15, 0.3) + terbutryn (0.275, 0.4125), and MCPA (0.25, 0.375) + diuron (0.25, 0.375). The herbage yield of all cultivars at 30 and 60 days after herbicide application (DAA) was suppressed by all herbicides except 2,4-DB at 60 DAA. There was marked variation in cultivar tolerance, with Trikkala being the most tolerant to all herbicides. Seaton Park was the most sensitive to MCPA + terbutryn, MCPA + diuron, and bromoxynil, while Karridale was the most sensitive to MCPA. Log10(sprayed yield) log10(unsprayed yield) was an appropriate measure of relative tolerance of cultivars to herbicide. While herbage yields and yield reduction due to the herbicides varied between sites and years, the effect of the herbicides and the relative responses of the cultivars were similar across years and sites. Herbage yield meaned over the 2 herbicide rates was reduced by 16-71% at 30 DAA depending on herbicide and cultivar, and by 445% at 60 DAA. A mixture of MCPA + terbutryn or MCPA + diuron caused the largest reduction in herbage (47-71%) at 30 DAA, while MCPA and 2,4-DB caused the smallest (16-56%) reduction. Neither the maturity ranking of the cultivar nor the cultivar vigour measured at 30 DAA influenced sensitivity to the herbicides. The rate of recovery (kg DM/ha.day) by the cultivars at 30-60 DAA was greatest in the MCPA, 2,4-DB, and bromoxynil treatments (80-120 kg DM/ha.day) and least in the MCPA + diuron treatment (71-84 kg DM/ha.day) and was not related to maturity ranking. Doubling the rate of herbicide increased herbage yield suppression and resulted in slower growth rates but did not affect seedling survival. The magnitude of the reduction in herbage yield has important implications for choice of herbicide and needs to be balanced against the likely loss due to weed competition. The identification of significant differential cultivar tolerance suggests that worthwhile improvements in tolerance can be achieved through plant breeding or selection.

Evaluation of annual pasture legumes in northern New South Wales. 2. Trifolium and Medicago spp. and other legumes

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
S. Harden
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Smoothing Splines ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Annual Medicago

Two studies to evaluate annual pasture legumes were sown in replicated plots near Tamworth, New South Wales. In the first (experiment 1), 24 entries were sown in 1995 and in a second study (experiment 2) 33 entries were sown in 1996. Green herbage mass (kg DM/ha) was assessed in the year of sowing (spring) and thereafter four times per year until spring 2000. Limited data were also collected to estimate maturity grading, seed yield and seedling regeneration. For each experiment, green herbage mass data were examined using cubic smoothing splines and at the end of each study, green herbage mass values predicted from the model were used to assess the significance (P = 0.05) of differences between cultivars or lines. In spring 2000 (experiment 1), Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare had the highest rank of the cultivars and lines, and T. michelianum cv. Paradana the lowest (previously cultivated site). For the native pasture site, CPI 70056B subterranean clover had the highest rank and Ornithopus compressus cv. Paros the lowest. In experiment 2, Clare had the highest rank in spring 2000 and T. resupinatum cv. Bolta had the lowest ranking. Long-term green herbage mass appeared to be strongly influenced by maturity grading, but other factors may have affected the performance of annual Medicago spp., O. compressus, T. resupinatum, and T. michelianum. Results from the current study and previous reported research indicated that T. subterraneum var. subterraneum cvv. York (evaluated as CPI 89846B) and Junee and T. subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare performed best in northern New South Wales.

scholarly journals Integrated management of vulpia in dryland perennial pastures of southern Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Tozer ◽  
D. F. Chapman ◽  
P. E. Quigley ◽  
P. M. Dowling ◽  
R. D. Cousens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Western Victoria

Vulpia (Vulpia species C.C. Gmel.) are annual grass weeds that can reduce pasture quality and stock-carrying capacity of perennial pastures throughout southern Australia. To develop more effective strategies to control vulpia, an experiment was established in western Victoria (average annual rainfall 565 mm) in phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) pastures comparing the effects of control methods [comprising combinations of fertiliser addition (Fert), a single herbicide (simazine) application (Sim), and pasture rest from grazing (Rest)] on vulpia populations. A further herbicide treatment [paraquat-diquat (SpraySeed®)] was imposed on some of these treatments. Measurements included botanical composition, phalaris and vulpia tiller density, seed production, and number of residual seeds in the soil. Vulpia content remained unchanged in the Sim-Rest treatment but increased in all other management treatments over the duration of the 3 year study and especially where paraquat-diquat was applied, despite paraquat-diquat causing an initial reduction in vulpia content. Vulpia content was lowest in the Fert-Sim-Rest treatment. The Fert-Sim treatment and in some cases paraquat-diquat application reduced vulpia tiller production. Vulpia seed production and the residual seed population were not influenced by any of the management treatments, while the single paraquat-diquat application increased vulpia seed production 18 months after application. Phalaris content was enhanced by the Sim-Rest and Fert-Sim-Rest treatments and initially by paraquat-diquat. No treatment affected phalaris tiller production and basal cover. The subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) content declined during the experiment, but to a lesser extent where paraquat-diquat was applied. Volunteer species content was initially suppressed in the year following paraquat-application, although populations recovered after this time. Of the two Vulpia spp. present (V. bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray and V. myuros (L.) C.C. Gmelin), V. bromoides was the most prevalent. Results show how a double herbicide application can increase vulpia fecundity and rate of re-infestation of herbicide-treated sites. Pasture rest shows some promise, but to a lesser extent than in the New South Wales tablelands, where summer rainfall may increase the growth of perennial species. In lower rainfall, summer dry areas, responses to pasture rest may be slower. Despite this, integrated management (which combines strategies such as pasture rest, herbicide application, and fertiliser application) increases the perennial content and reduces vulpia seed production, thus improving vulpia control.

Comparison of the performance of subterranean clover cultivars in southern New South Wales. 1. Persistence, productivity, and seed yields

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 581 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
PD Cregan ◽  
GM Murray
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Seed Yields

The density, productivity, flowering characteristics, and seed reserves of 14 lines (10 cultivars and 4 experimental lines) of subterranean clover were observed over 5 years (1983-87) on a red earth soil at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. Plant density increased from 149-318 plants/m2 in 1983 to 1975-13925 plants/m'n 1987. Herbage yields of all cultivars during autumn-winter were similar in most years except in July 1985 when Seaton Park was superior. Cultivars in the midseason or later flowering groups were more productive in late spring and better able to utilise the extended growing seasons that occur periodically in this environment. The mean time from emergence to 5% flowering of all cultivars was 168 days with March germination in 1985 but decreased to 13.5 days with May germination in 1986. The number of days to flowering at Wagga Wagga was highly correlated with maturity ranking at Perth (r2 = 0.92 in 1985 and? = 0.93 in 1986). In the first year, average seed set was 295 kg seed/ha. but by summer of the fourth year the seed pool ranged from 124 kg/ha for Clare to 1190 kg/ha for Nungarin, the earliest flowering cultivar. The quantity of hard seed that carried over to the next year varied significantly between cultivars, with Enfield, Woogenellup, and Clare having the least, and Nungarin, Northam, Dalkeith, and Daliak the most. Seed set was related to maturity ranking only in 1984, although root disease probably affected seed yields in 1985-86. The proportion of hard seed that carried over was much higher than expected, particularly in soft-seeded cultivars. The newly released cultivar Junee was well adapted to the environment; it was later maturing than the recommended cultivar Seaton Park but was able to maintain high seed reserves. Karridale, another new cultivar, maintained higher seed reserves than the older Mount Barker.

Effect of annual pasture composition, plant density, soil fertility and drought on vulpia (Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray)

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Dowling ◽  
A. R. Leys ◽  
B. Verbeek ◽  
G. D. Millar ◽  
D. Lemerle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Competitive Species ◽  
Slow Recruitment ◽  
Term Management

Vulpia is a widespread weed of temperate Australian pastures, and readily replaces more productive species. Short-term management of vulpia is possible with herbicides but densities rapidly increase in poorly competitive pastures after herbicide application. A field experiment at Wagga Wagga, NSW, examined the effect of 2 fertility levels and 4 pasture types [subterranean clover sown at 1, 25, 100 kg/ha, and subterranean clover (25 kg/ha) + annual ryegrass (20 kg/ha)] on 2 densities of vulpia (50,5 500 plants/m2) from 1990 to 1994. Initially vulpia plant density was inversely related to sowing rate of subterranean clover, but over time this effect declined as the subterranean clover populations converged. Presence of annual ryegrass always resulted in lower vulpia plant, panicle and seed densities compared with treatments where subterranean clover only was present. Respective densities per m2 in 1993 for the average of the subterranean clover monocultures and for annual ryegrass plus subterranean clover were: plant 1315 v. 265; panicle 6700 v. 130; seed 542 400 v. 3460. The effect of drought in 1994 and presence of annual ryegrass were shown to significantly lower the sustainable population of vulpia at Wagga Wagga from 5000–6000 to <1000 plants/m2. The short-term nature of herbicide application for control, and the need to ensure that competitive species were present to slow recruitment of vulpia in any long-term management strategy, were highlighted.

A comparison of the reproductive performance of ewes grazing Dwalganup of Bacchus Marsh subterranean clover of a mixture of lucerne and burr medic, before and during mating

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (17) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
NT Clark
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Burr Medic ◽  
Bio Assay

At Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, three groups, each of 90 Border Leicester x Merino ewes, were grazed for two and a half weeks before joining, and for the six weeks of joining on pastures dominated by Dwalganup subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), Bacchus Marsh subterranean clover, and lucerne-medic. Lambing percentages were Dwalganup 74, Bacchus Marsh 30, and lucerne-medic 93. The percentages of non-pregnant ewes were 47, 30, and 33 in the Dwalganup, Bacchus Marsh, and lucerne groups respectively. These results are compared with bio-assay values for the oestrogenic potency of the pastures.

scholarly journals Comparative effects of grazing, herbicide or forage conservation on barley grass content in Trifolium subterraneum L. clover-based pasture

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
John W. Piltz ◽  
Simon J. Flinn ◽  
Leslie A. Weston
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Harvest Timing

Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) is a relatively short lived annual that provides high quality grazing early in the season, but its seed heads cause contamination of wool and carcasses, and may irritate the mouth, eyes and nose of sheep. Treatments were imposed on established subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) annual pasture in the same plots for three consecutive years (2015 to 2017) to evaluate changes in barley grass content. Treatments included: grazing alone (G), herbicide followed by grazing (HG), or a forage conservation harvest in early October, late October or early November consistent with an early silage harvest (ES), late silage harvest (LS) or hay cut (H). Grazing plus herbicide markedly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) barley grass numbers compared with all other treatments, but increased (P &lt; 0.05) the growth of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.). ES reduced (P &lt; 0.05) barley grass and increased (P &lt; 0.05) subterranean clover compared with H, but broadleaf weed content benefitted by LS in contrast to either ES or H. Although herbicide application was the most effective method for barley grass control, forage harvest timing could be used to beneficially manipulate pasture composition.

Lucerne, phalaris, and wallaby grass in short-term pasture phases in two eastern Australian wheatbelt environments. 2. Effect of perennial density and species on subterranean clover populations and the relative success of 3 clover cultivars of different maturity

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
J. M. Virgona ◽  
A. D. Swan ◽  
B. A. Orchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Clover Seed

The effect of the density of 3 perennial species, phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.), wallaby grass (Austrodanthonia richardsonii Kunth), and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), on seed set, regeneration, and the relative competitiveness of 3 cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was examined in 2 environments in the south-eastern Australian wheatbelt. Seed yields of subterranean clover were inversely related to perennial density at both sites over the first 2 years, the relationship varying with perennial species. Phalaris depressed the seed yield of clover more than lucerne and wallaby grass in the second and third year at equivalent densities. Clover seed yield was positively related to clover herbage yield in late spring at both sites, and inversely related to perennial herbage yield. Clover seed yield displayed an increasing linear relationship with the proportion of light reaching the clover understorey in spring, which in turn was inversely related to perennial density and perennial herbage yield. Clover seedling regeneration in mixed swards in autumn was positively related to the size of the summer seed bank, but negatively related to perennial density. Clover seedling survival following a premature germination at Kamarah was inversely correlated to the density of phalaris and lucerne in the sward. The relative competitiveness of the 3 subterranean clover cultivars varied between sites, with climatic conditions (rainfall and growing-season length) having a greater effect on the relative cultivar performance than companion perennial species or density. The later maturing subterranean clover cv. Goulburn became the dominant cultivar at the wetter site, constituting 72% of the seed bank, but declined to only 3–8% of the seed bank at the drier site. The proportion of the early flowering cultivar Dalkeith in the seed bank increased over time at the drier site and was highest (53%) in plots with the highest perennial density. We concluded that although perennial pasture species will depress clover seed yield and subsequent regeneration, these effects could be minimised by reducing perennial densities and exploiting variations in competitiveness between perennial species as identified in this study. Sowing earlier maturing subterranean clover cultivars would only be an advantage in increasing clover content in low-rainfall environments. The findings suggest that clover seed reserves and regeneration could also be increased by using grazing management to reduce the level of shading of clover by perennials, a factor associated with reduced clover seed yield.

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