Effect of annual pasture composition, plant density, soil fertility and drought on vulpia (Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray)

Vulpia is a widespread weed of temperate Australian pastures, and readily replaces more productive species. Short-term management of vulpia is possible with herbicides but densities rapidly increase in poorly competitive pastures after herbicide application. A field experiment at Wagga Wagga, NSW, examined the effect of 2 fertility levels and 4 pasture types [subterranean clover sown at 1, 25, 100 kg/ha, and subterranean clover (25 kg/ha) + annual ryegrass (20 kg/ha)] on 2 densities of vulpia (50,5 500 plants/m2) from 1990 to 1994. Initially vulpia plant density was inversely related to sowing rate of subterranean clover, but over time this effect declined as the subterranean clover populations converged. Presence of annual ryegrass always resulted in lower vulpia plant, panicle and seed densities compared with treatments where subterranean clover only was present. Respective densities per m2 in 1993 for the average of the subterranean clover monocultures and for annual ryegrass plus subterranean clover were: plant 1315 v. 265; panicle 6700 v. 130; seed 542 400 v. 3460. The effect of drought in 1994 and presence of annual ryegrass were shown to significantly lower the sustainable population of vulpia at Wagga Wagga from 5000–6000 to <1000 plants/m2. The short-term nature of herbicide application for control, and the need to ensure that competitive species were present to slow recruitment of vulpia in any long-term management strategy, were highlighted.

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Comparison of the performance of subterranean clover cultivars in southern New South Wales. 2. Effects of Phytophthora clandestina and bromoxynil on seedling survival, growth, and seed set

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9930591 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 591 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

BS Dear ◽

GM Murray ◽

PD Cregan ◽

PA Taylor

Keyword(s):

Seed Set ◽

Seedling Survival ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Trifolium Subterraneum ◽

Leaf Damage ◽

Wagga Wagga ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

South Wales

Effects of the root disease caused by Phytophthora claiidestina were assessed at Wagga Wagga on 14 cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) following application of the herbicide bromoxynil. Seedling death over autumn-winter ranged from 22% in Trikkala, the most resistant cultivar, to 96% in Woogenellup, the most susceptible. Compared with previous years (1984-85), herbage yields and seed set of the most susceptible cultivars were depressed. Cultivars with the most severe disease symptoms (Woogenellup, Nungarin, Northam) did not set seed. Later maturing cultivars (Karridale, Enfield) appeared to recover from the disease and set more seed than earlier maturing cultivars (Dalkeith, Daliak) with similar reactions to P. clandestina. Field susceptibility (determined by leaf damage scores, seedling losses, and dry matter yield depression) was similar to glasshouse phytophthora ratings for most cultivars; however, Trikkala, Karridale, and Enfield were more affected in the field following herbicide application than expected from the glasshouse reaction. Trikkala, Junee, and Dalkeith were the cultivars most tolerant in the field to root rot, while Woogenellup, Northam, and Nungarin were the most severely affected. Leaf damage following herbicide application was greatest in cultivars showing the most severe root lesions and having the highest susceptibility to P. clandestina in a glasshouse test. P. clandestina reduced the productivity of susceptible subterranean clover cultivars and has the potential to reduce long-term persistence by reducing seed set.

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Enuresis: Myths, Misunderstandings and Solutions

Australian Journal of Primary Health ◽

10.1071/py95011 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Martin Knapp

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Short Term ◽

Treatment Facilities ◽

Conditioning Therapy ◽

Treatable Condition ◽

Term Management

Advice on enuresis has been provided by a range of individuals. Many myths and misunderstandings have been responsible for the confusing range of opinions given to those who seek help. Management should be based on an understanding of the physiology of the condition and the established facts about its treatment. There is still a lack of awareness about how effective are the management strategies now proposed by those who base their practise on the extensive research that is now documented. The best results are obtained with conditioning therapy, when this is supervised and supported. There is an important role for 'wetness' alarms in conditioning. There are now body-worn mini-alarms, established by over a decade of use, that are inexpensive and reliable. There is a decreasing role for tricyclic medication. The recently introduced pharmaceutical Minirin (desmopressin) is useful in short-term management to get dryness on social occasions and, in selected individuals, might have a role in long-term control of enuresis, when conditioning has not been effective. There is an important need to provide advice and treatment facilities for all those with enuresis - a treatable condition.

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Comparative effects of grazing, herbicide or forage conservation on barley grass content in Trifolium subterraneum L. clover-based pasture

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp19077 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (9) ◽

pp. 800

Author(s):

John W. Piltz ◽

Simon J. Flinn ◽

Leslie A. Weston

Keyword(s):

Subterranean Clover ◽

Trifolium Subterraneum ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Lolium Rigidum ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

High Quality ◽

Harvest Timing

Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) is a relatively short lived annual that provides high quality grazing early in the season, but its seed heads cause contamination of wool and carcasses, and may irritate the mouth, eyes and nose of sheep. Treatments were imposed on established subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) annual pasture in the same plots for three consecutive years (2015 to 2017) to evaluate changes in barley grass content. Treatments included: grazing alone (G), herbicide followed by grazing (HG), or a forage conservation harvest in early October, late October or early November consistent with an early silage harvest (ES), late silage harvest (LS) or hay cut (H). Grazing plus herbicide markedly reduced (P < 0.05) barley grass numbers compared with all other treatments, but increased (P < 0.05) the growth of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.). ES reduced (P < 0.05) barley grass and increased (P < 0.05) subterranean clover compared with H, but broadleaf weed content benefitted by LS in contrast to either ES or H. Although herbicide application was the most effective method for barley grass control, forage harvest timing could be used to beneficially manipulate pasture composition.

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Treatment of penile lichen sclerosus with topical corticosteroids for over 25 years’ duration: A case report

SAGE Open Medical Case Reports ◽

10.1177/2050313x18795047 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 2050313X1879504 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Matthew Howard ◽

Anthony Hall

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Lichen Sclerosus ◽

Short Review ◽

Short Term ◽

Topical Corticosteroids ◽

Long Term Follow Up ◽

Term Management

Topical corticosteroids are currently recommended only for short-term management of flares of lichen sclerosus, with efficacy in halting disease progression. Given the chronic nature of this condition, there is a lack of literature surrounding the chronic effects of topical corticosteroids on the male genitalia with many dermatologists avoiding prescribing long term. This case report aims to provide anecdotal observation for the long-term use of topical corticosteroids and details the long-term follow-up of an individual who used potent and superpotent topical corticosteroids for over 25 years without significant demonstrable side effects. A short review on relevant literature is provided.

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Weeds and yields of spring cereals as influenced by stubble-cultivation and reduced doses of herbicides in five long-term trials

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859699007662 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 134 (3) ◽

pp. 237-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

U. BOSTRÖM ◽

M. HANSSON ◽

H. FOGELFORS

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Plant Density ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Field Trials ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Weed Species ◽

Full Dose ◽

Spring Cereals ◽

One Year

The influence of herbicides at reduced rates and repeated stubble-cultivation on weeds and crop yields was estimated in five field trials with spring-sown cereals situated in the south of Sweden during the autumn of 1989 until the spring of 1997. Stubble-cultivation was accomplished during 1989–1996, while herbicides were applied at 0, 1/8, 1/4 or 1/2 of full dose during 1990–1996.In the spring of 1997, i.e. after 7 years without herbicide application, seedling densities 3 weeks after weed emergence were 68–340/m2 at three sites and 535–610/m2 at two sites when averaged over tillage treatments.Averaged over herbicide doses, stubble-cultivation reduced the plant density of annual broad- leaved weeds by 6–32% at three sites and increased the density by 25% at one site. At the remaining site, the density was not significantly influenced. Stubble-cultivation reduced the populations of two perennial and seven annual weed species, while one species was stimulated and nine species showed null, or inconsistent, responses. In the spring of 1997, i.e. one year after the last herbicide application, the densities of weed seedlings in 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2-doses were 34, 46 and 56% lower, respectively, than in the untreated controls.Stubble-cultivation increased crop yields at four sites by 200 kg/ha as a mean over herbicide doses. At these four sites, averaged over 1993–1995, herbicides increased yields in plots that were not stubble-cultivated by 7, 8 and 10% in the 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 of a full dose, respectively, relative to the untreated control. In 1996, herbicides increased yields at only two sites.It is concluded that a fruitful way for weed management with a low input of agrochemicals is to combine the use of herbicides at reduced rates with repeated stubble-cultivation.

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Short term treatment versus long term management of neck and back disability in older adults utilizing spinal manipulative therapy and supervised exercise: a parallel-group randomized clinical trial evaluating relative effectiveness and harms

Chiropractic & Manual Therapies ◽

10.1186/s12998-014-0026-7 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Corrie Vihstadt ◽

Michele Maiers ◽

Kristine Westrom ◽

Gert Bronfort ◽

Roni Evans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Effectiveness ◽

Spinal Manipulative Therapy ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Manipulative Therapy ◽

Supervised Exercise ◽

Parallel Group ◽

Term Management

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The long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on soil mineral nitrogen supply to wheat

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9920977 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 977 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

DP Heenan ◽

KY Chan

Keyword(s):

Soil Nitrogen ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Mineral Nitrogen ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Wagga Wagga ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽

Percent Recovery ◽

Direct Drilling

Wheat was grown as a monoculture or in rotation with lupin or subterranean clover in a long-term rotation, stubble and tillage experiment established in 1979, on a red earth (Gn 2 . 12) at Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. The effect of rotation, tillage and stubble management on the supply of soil nitrogen, and amounts leached were studied by in situ sequential soil sampling during the wheat phase of the rotation in years 10 and 11. Of the rotations, grazed subterranean clover-wheat accumulated higher mineral nitrogen levels during the wheat phase than a lupin-wheat rotation, which in turn produced higher levels than wheat-wheat. The mean seasonal total of net soil nitrogen mineralized (0-15 cm) was 239 kg N ha-1 for subterranean clover-wheat, 165 kg N ha-1 for lupin-wheat and 99.5 kg N ha-1 for wheat-wheat. In a lupin-wheat rotation, retention of stubble increased the net amount of nitrogen mineralized in both seasons. Direct drilling also increased net mineralization in 1990 but the results were inconsistent in 1989. Losses from the surface 15 cm were closely related to the amounts mineralized, with the highest recorded in subterranean clover-wheat rotations. Percent recovery of soil mineralized nitrogen by the above-ground wheat crop following lupin ranged from 57% to 83%, with both direct drilling and stubble retention reducing recovery. While total plant uptake of nitrogen in a wheat-wheat rotation was low, percent recovery was high (77%), compared with that in a subterranean clover-wheat rotation (60%).

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