Pastoral Development and Research in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia.

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Suijdendorp

This article describes the pastoral development in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, first for sheep grazing and more recently for cattle. Vegetation changes due to the grazing regime and to a changed fire regime were profound. In coastal lands these vegetation changes are non-reversible but inland the disclimax rangeland has responded to a cycle of summer fires and grazing defer ments. This research on grazing management has led to more nutritious pastures and subsequent research on sheep management has led to enhanced reproduction. However, market forces have worked to claim the increase in rangeland productivity for cattle. The interaction between domestic livestock, rangeland condition and certain of the native fauna is discussed.

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2269 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Real ◽  
C. M. Oldham ◽  
A. van Burgel ◽  
E. Dobbe ◽  
J. Hardy

Tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa C.H Stirt. vars. albomarginata and crassiuscula) is a traditional forage species for goats in the Canary Islands, Spain. It has agronomic characteristics ideally suited to Mediterranean-like climates that allows it to provide high quality green forage for grazing animals during summer and autumn. It can be used to extend the growing season into late spring and early summer and/or to reduce or eliminate the need for expensive hand feeding of grain and hay to sheep to fill the ‘feed gap’ during the dry season in southern Australian farming systems. Three sheep grazing experiments were carried out with the objective to evaluate sheep production during summer and autumn with tedera as the sole diet. A 3-ha site at Dandaragan, Western Australia was grazed during the summer and autumn of 2014–2015 and 2016 and a 2.4-ha site was grazed at Kojonup, Western Australia during the same period in 2016. At each site, two grazing treatments were evaluated, continuous grazing and rotational grazing with six plots (14 days of grazing and 70 days of recovery). The first hypothesis tested was that tedera plants would not survive continuous grazing during summer and autumn. The second hypothesis tested was that without hand feeding, 10 dry sheep equivalents/ha would be able to at least maintain weight and condition score during summer and autumn. The third hypothesis tested was that rotational grazing would improve the production of the sheep (liveweight and condition score) compared with continuous grazing. The first hypothesis was rejected, the population of tedera plants did not significantly decline due to being continuously grazed during summer and autumn. The second hypothesis was confirmed, at the three experimental sites, 10 dry sheep equivalents/ha were able to at least maintain weight and condition score without any hand feeding. The third hypothesis was partially rejected; continuous grazing had a better performance of the sheep than rotational grazing. However, the rotational grazing plots had more tedera on offer in the remaining grazing plots in the rotation with the potential for a longer grazing time. These three experiments clearly demonstrate that tedera can be used to reduce or eliminate expensive hand feeding during summer and autumn using the simplest and least expensive grazing management; continuous grazing.


2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis P. Kahn ◽  
Judi M. Earl ◽  
Millie Nicholls

Research was conducted in the mid-north of South Australia over the period 2000–05 to evaluate the effects of different grazing management cues on composition and production of a grassland. The management cues were based on calendar, plant phenology or herbage mass thresholds using grazing exclusion as a control. There were five grazing treatments: (i) regional practice (RP), where sheep grazed continuously for the period April–December; (ii) autumn rest, where sheep grazing was restricted to June–December; (iii) spring rest, where sheep grazing was restricted to April–August; (iv) high density and short duration (HDSD), where herbage mass thresholds determined when grazing occurred and for what duration; and (v) nil (NIL) grazing by domestic herbivores. Mean annual estimates of herbage mass were highest for NIL and HDSD and inclusion of the estimate of herbage consumption by sheep resulted in greatest primary plant production in HDSD. The contribution of perennial grasses to herbage mass declined with RP and seasonal grazing treatments. Frequency of perennial grasses was unaffected by grazing treatment but the number of perennial grass plants increased over time in RP and seasonal treatments. HDSD allowed maintenance of basal cover whereas bare ground increased with RP and seasonal treatments. Litter accumulated in NIL but this was associated with a decline in perennial basal cover. Seasonal grazing treatments did not provide an advantage over RP and there appeared to be no benefit from including phenology in management decisions. In contrast, HDSD resulted in a stable and productive grassland ecosystem, with stocking rate estimated at 78% greater than other treatments. These features offer a desirable mix for future industry adoption in the mid-north of South Australia.


Author(s):  
R.J. Townsend ◽  
J.E. Radcliffe

Lambs were rotationally grazed with ewes in a 'sheep only' system and with low, medium, and high proportions,of wether goats from October to March on dryland perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures in Canterbury. Lambs grazed with ewes and goats until they were weaned; then they grazed ahead of other stock. Treatment ratios of adult stock on a per head basis were 3 ewes:1 goat ('low goats'), 3 ewes:2 goats ('medium goats') and 3 ewes:3 goats ('high goats'). The ewe:lamb ratio was 1:1.35 on all treatments. Lamb growth rates (g/day) were 152 for 'sheep only', and 169, 185 and 203 for low, medium and high goat treatments respectively. As each treatment lamb reached a target draft weight, it was replaced by a lighter lamb for finishing. In comparison with the 'sheep only' treatment, an extra 1.6 lambs/ha were drafted off the 'medium goat' and an additional 2.6-lambs/ha off the 'high goat' treatment by the end of January. Increasing the proportion of goats:ewes increased the supply of white clover in pastures especially after lambs were weaned. Examination of faecal plant material showed 30% clover in the diet of lambs in a 'sheep only' system, increasing as the goat:sheep ratio increased to 60% clover in the 'high goat' treatment. Keywords white clover, perennial ryegrass, goats, sheep,grazing management, diet, lamb


2001 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
José S. Carrión

RESUMEN. Condicionantes de la respuesta vegetal al cambio climático. Una perspectiva paleobiolágica. Este artículo proporciona una revisión de las pautas y procesos de cambio vegetal en relación con el cambio climático, así como sobre la cuestión del equilibrio clima-vegetación y sus condicionantes, desde una perspectiva paleobiológica basada fundamentalmente en secuencias polínicas. En la escala evolutiva, la mayor parte de los eventos de migración, extinción de especies y reorganización de la estructura ecológica se describen adecuadamente como respuestas tipo umbral bióticamente condicionadas. Se constata una gran resistencia a la invasión de las comunidades establecidas, siendo de mayor relevancia la historia biológica de los grupos que el propio sentido del cambio climático en orden a establecer los grupos dominantes después de cada crisis. El nexo entre la biología evolutiva y la biogeografía lo proporcionan los estudios paleoecológicos a escala orbital. Durante los ciclos climáticos del Cuaternario, hubo dispersión de poblaciones, extinciones locales y desagregación de comunidades. A esta escala, el clima ejerce un control a largo plazo sobre el cortejo florístico disponible, dentro de las limitaciones que impone la historia evolutiva regional. Hay que destacar el carácter no lineal de las respuestas de la vegetación en cada una de las tres frecuencias de control astronómico. Ante los cambios climáticos acaecidos desde la última glaciación, la vegetación ibérica se ha mostrado a menudo inerte durante milenios y a veces reactiva en la escala de centurias o incluso décadas. Las respuestas abruptas pueden condicionarse a factores no climáticos, muy a menudo cambios en el regimen de fuegos. La cuestión del equilibrio es, simplemente, un problema de escala. En este sentido, el control del cambio vegetal se deslizaría sutilmente desde lo climático a lo biótico conforme disminuimos la escala temporal y/o espacial. A la hora de interpretar los cambios en la composición, estructura y distribución de comunidades vegetales, las oscilaciones climáticas abruptas representan accidentes históricos que, eventualmente, pueden llegar a ser más relevantes que las tendencias climáticas a largo plazo.Palabras clave. Paleoecología, palinología, hiogeografía histórica, vegetación, cambio climático, EspañaABSTRACT. Vegetation response to climatic change. A palaeobiological perspective. This paper reviews the patterns and processes of vegetation change in response to climatic factors, and the question of climate- vegetation equilibrium from a palacoecological perspective. At an evolutionary temporal scale, processes such as migration, species extincion, and reorganization of the ecological structure are adequately described by biotically-conditioned threshold responses. Established communities exhibit great resistance to invasion, being pre-adaptive traits of higher importance than the direction of climate change in determining the dominant group after each environmental crisis. Palaeoecological studies at the orbital scale provide a link between evolutionary and ecological processes. The Quaternary climate variation induced dispersion of plant populations, local extinctions and disaggregation of plant communities. Climate exerted control on long-term species pool within the constraints imposed by regional evolutionary history. Vegetation responses to astronomic forces were characteristically non linear. Iberian plant communities have often behaved inertial to climate changes occurring since the last glacial maximum. Sometimes, however, they have been very sensitive, providing century- to decadal-scale responses. Abrupt vegetation changes may be related with non-climatic factors, principally changes in the fire regime. The question of climate-vegetation equilibrium is a scale problem, where the control of vegetation changes would shift from climatic to biotic controls as the temporal and spatial scales are shortened. While interpreting compositional, structural and distributional changes in plant communities, abrupt climatic changes may represent historical accidents eventually more relevant than long-term climatic trends.Key words. Palaeoecology, palynology, historical biogeography, vegetation, climatic change, Spain


Author(s):  
J.G.H. White ◽  
W.J. Lucas

The performance of dormant and winter-active lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars was compared under sheep grazing in 2 experiments during the cool season. The objectives were to define the cool season management required for winter active cultivars in sheep farming systems. The 'winter-active cultivars Matador and Rere yielded 1760 and 1220 kg DM/ha compared with 890 and 760 kg from Wairau and Saranac respectively in mid-winter, while the reverse occurred in spring when dormant cultivars yielded 50% more than the winter active. This was related to differing levels of non-structural carbohydrates in roots, which had declined to insignificant levels in Rere and Matador by early spring. June grazing increased spring yields of Wairau by 35% due to control of overwintering aphids, but reduced yield of Rere by 25% due to effects on root reserves. Early September grazing greatly - reduced subsequent lucerne yields at late October and early December grazings, and increased the content of weeds. Our findings show that if farmers graze winter-active lucerne with sheep in winter the advantage in production disappears in spring. Cool-season management which combines the use of dormant and winter-active lucernes is discussed. Keywords winter-active lucerne, dormant lucerne, cool-season grazing, root reserves, lucerne grazing management


1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
BB Zahran ◽  
AM Holm ◽  
WR Stern ◽  
WA Loneragan

The cage method of sampling vegetation was used to estimate herbage mass and herbage consumed by sheep, grazing a pasture dominated by annual species, near Camawon, Western Australia. Using paired quadrats (2m x lm), one caged and the other open, herbage mass and herbage consumed were measured at five stocking rates on two soil types, on eight occasions between December 1983 and January 1985. The data were highly variable; nevertheless, some effects of season, soil type and stocking rate could be observed. The results showed clear seasonal trends. Some soil type x stocking rate interactions were detected during the dry periods of the year when herbage mass was low. Generally, the cage method tended to over-estimate herbage consuped. Sheep consumed approximately 119 to 116 of the available herbage at low and high stocking rates respectively when feed was plentiful; when feed was in short supply the corresponding figures were approximately 113 and 1/2. The limitations of the method are discussed and some suggestions made concerning its applicability in rangeland studies.


1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Blackshaw ◽  
AJ Oliver

Bezoars (felt balls) from sheep on Jeedamya and Adelong stations north of Kalgoorlie, and on a farm near York, Western Australia, were examined microscopically and found to consist principally of a dense mass of sclerenchyme fibres. In size, colour and texture the bezoars closely resemble bezoars composed of plant epidermal hairs, described by South African workers. Acacra ramulosa is suggested as the likely source of bezoar fibres at Jeedamya and Adelong. The source of fibres from York was not determined. The identification of plant species from which bezoar fibres are derived may make possible the control of bezoariasis by grazing management.


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