Rapidly extracted (0.02 M CaCl2-soluble) reactive aluminum as a measure of aluminum toxicity in soils

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
EA Close ◽  
HKJ Powell
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Aluminium Species

This paper examines the use of short extraction times, and the determination of aluminium with chrome azurol S (CAS), for the estimation of 0.02 M CaCl2-soluble aluminium in soils. It reports the correlation between CAS-reactive aluminium in 5 min extracts and percent maximum yield of white clover (Trifolium repens) for a series of acid soils. The reactivity of soluble and colloidal aluminium species with the metallochromic reagent CAS has been assessed. ~ l ( a q ) ~ + , simple hydroxy species and complexes of weakly binding ligands (salicylic acid, tannins) are CAS-reactive (2 rnin). In contrast, complexes of strongly binding ligands (citric acid, fulvic acid) are not CAS-reactive ([Al] ~ [L] ~ [CAS] ~ 1-2~10-5 M). For a series of six limed phosphated topsoils and subsoils (pH 4.2-5.5), 0.02 M CaCl2- soluble aluminium, as determined with CAS, was negatively correlated against the percent maximum yield of white clover; r2 = -0.73** (5 min extraction), n = 20. This correlation is similar to that for yield against total aluminium as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after 60 min extraction (r2 = -0.77**). However, the colorimetric analysis is more convenient and sensitive; further, it does not measure colloidal and polymeric aluminium species (which may not be plant-available). The satisfactory correlation achieved for short extraction times suggests use of CAS for a rapid field method for aluminium toxicity in soils.

Comparative performance of six Stylosanthes species in three acid soils

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
MMde Carvalho ◽  
CS Andrew ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
CJ Asher ◽  
Carvalho MM De
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Aluminium Content ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Aluminium Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiencies ◽  
Yield Responses

The yield rcsponse of six Stylosanthes species to a factorial combination of four lime rates and two phosphorus levels applied to three acid soils (Coolum, Kogan, Rochedale) was determined in a pot experiment. The unlimed soils were of similar pH, but differed widely in exchangeable aluminium content. Aluminium toxicity appeared to be a major limitation to growth in the three soils. In the unlimed soils, the most severe yield restriction was observed in the Coolum soil, which had the highest soluble aluminium concentration (55 �M), and the least restriction in the Kogan soil, which had the lowest soluble aluminium concentration (37 �M). All six species achieved maximum yield in the three soils when the soluble aluminium concentration was reduced to values below 21 �M . The strong yield responses observed with little change in soluble aluminium at the higher lime rates in the Coolum and Rochedale soils may be due to either a further reduction in aluminium toxicity associated with increasing concentration of soluble polymeric species or the direct alleviation of hydrogen ion toxicity. The observed responses to lime do not appear to involve direct calcium effects, nor do they involve alleviation of manganese toxicity or molybdenum deficiency. Maximum yield was associated with reduction in aluminium saturation to less than 5% of the effective cation exchange capacity in all three soils. However, when examined across the three soils, aluminium saturation and also the exchangeable aluminium content were both unsatisfactory predictors of plant performance. The largest and smallest restrictions on growth were observed in soils with similar aluminium saturation (Coolum 14.4%, Kogan 17.6% respectively), while the Rochedale soil with its much higher aluminium saturation (42.0%) was intermediate in degree of growth restriction. Phosphorus and nitrogen deficiencies also limited plant growth, but the magnitude of their effects varied among soils and species.

Phytotoxicity of aluminium to wheat plants in high-pH solutions

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ma ◽  
P. Rengasamy ◽  
A. J. Rathjen
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Carbonate Solutions ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Bicarbonate Solutions ◽  
Aluminium Species ◽  
Relative Root

Phytotoxicity of aluminium in acid soils is well known. At pH ≥6.3, aluminate [Al(OH)4–] is the principal hydroxo-aluminium species in soil solutions; however, its phytotoxicity has not received much attention. Sodic subsoils in Australia are generally alkaline and have pH above 9. During our survey of 8 subsoils in South Australia, we found aluminate ions at concentrations greater than 0.8 mg/L (29.7 μmol/L of aluminium) in soil solutions when pH was greater than 9, with corresponding high uptake of aluminium by wheat plants. We studied the phytotoxicity of aluminium to wheat plants in solution culture by maintaining the pH of alkaline solutions at 9.2.Relative root lengths of wheat plants, compared with those in reverse-osmosis deionised water, were significantly reduced in alkaline solutions and CO2-free air indicated toxicity of hydroxy, carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Further reduction of root lengths due to aluminate toxicity was also evident. Relative root lengths of wheat plants, when comparing between +aluminium and –aluminium treatments, were reduced up to 50% in alkaline solutions containing as low as 1 mg/L of aluminium. Aluminium accumulated mainly in the roots, thereby reducing their growth. In bicarbonate solutions, aluminium toxicity under alkaline pH was highly significant (P<0.001). However, at the same level of added aluminium in carbonate solutions, relative root length was not reduced. This study concludes that when aluminium species are present at a concentration of about 1 mg/L in soil solutions with pH greater than 9, the growth of wheat plants could be significantly affected.

The alleviating effects of salicylic acid application against aluminium toxicity in barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots

Biologia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gizem Yalcin ◽  
Filiz Vardar
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Agricultural Areas

AbstractAluminium (Al) toxicity is one of the major growth limiting factors that affects large agricultural areas resulting in reduced crop production in acid soils. The present study aims to investigate alleviating effects of salicylic acid (SA) on Al toxicity in barley (

Responses of five pasture species to phosphorus, lime, and nitrogen on an infertile acid soil with a high phosphate sorption capacity

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Helyar ◽  
AJ Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement

The growth responses of Lolium pevenne L. cv. Clunes, Phalavis tubevosa L. cv. Australian Commercial, Trifolium subterraneurn L. cv. Mount Barker, Trifolium vepens L. cv. Victorian, and Medicago sativa L. cv. Hunter River to lime, superphosphate, and nitrogen were compared in a field experiment on a soil with a pH of 4.9-5.4 (115 soil/water ratio) and with the cation exchange capacity 25-50% saturated by aluminium. The soil had a high phosphorus requirement. The effects of superphosphate and lime on the sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus levels and on the soil pH are discussed. Lucerne was one of the least productive species at most harvests. It required more superphosphate than subterranean clover, perennial ryegrass, or white clover to attain any given percentage of maximum yield. The visual symptoms of the plants and the yield interactions showed little evidence of effects of high aluminium, which indicated that the superphosphate was needed to correct phosphorus deficiency rather than to counteract any aluminium toxicity. The initial soil pH was somewhat higher than the levels previously found to be associated with aluminium toxicity on the soil in pots. Phalaris growth was increased to the highest superphosphate level, but growth at lower levels improved with time. Subterranean clover growth was depressed by the highest superphosphate level early in the season. The other species were not affected in this way. More lime was needed for lucerne than for white clover, which in turn needed more lime than subterranean clover. Nitrogen decreased the response of clover to lime, and the evidence indicates that the response of the legumes to lime was due mainly to the effect of lime in improving nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The lime-treated subterranean clover responded to nitrogen, especially in the first few months after sowing. The grasses responded markedly to nitrogen, while lime had a small effect on their growth and response to nitrogen. In no case did lime decrease the requirement for superphosphate.

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