Responses of five pasture species to phosphorus, lime, and nitrogen on an infertile acid soil with a high phosphate sorption capacity

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Helyar ◽  
AJ Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement

The growth responses of Lolium pevenne L. cv. Clunes, Phalavis tubevosa L. cv. Australian Commercial, Trifolium subterraneurn L. cv. Mount Barker, Trifolium vepens L. cv. Victorian, and Medicago sativa L. cv. Hunter River to lime, superphosphate, and nitrogen were compared in a field experiment on a soil with a pH of 4.9-5.4 (115 soil/water ratio) and with the cation exchange capacity 25-50% saturated by aluminium. The soil had a high phosphorus requirement. The effects of superphosphate and lime on the sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus levels and on the soil pH are discussed. Lucerne was one of the least productive species at most harvests. It required more superphosphate than subterranean clover, perennial ryegrass, or white clover to attain any given percentage of maximum yield. The visual symptoms of the plants and the yield interactions showed little evidence of effects of high aluminium, which indicated that the superphosphate was needed to correct phosphorus deficiency rather than to counteract any aluminium toxicity. The initial soil pH was somewhat higher than the levels previously found to be associated with aluminium toxicity on the soil in pots. Phalaris growth was increased to the highest superphosphate level, but growth at lower levels improved with time. Subterranean clover growth was depressed by the highest superphosphate level early in the season. The other species were not affected in this way. More lime was needed for lucerne than for white clover, which in turn needed more lime than subterranean clover. Nitrogen decreased the response of clover to lime, and the evidence indicates that the response of the legumes to lime was due mainly to the effect of lime in improving nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The lime-treated subterranean clover responded to nitrogen, especially in the first few months after sowing. The grasses responded markedly to nitrogen, while lime had a small effect on their growth and response to nitrogen. In no case did lime decrease the requirement for superphosphate.

Effects of lime on the growth of five species, on aluminium toxicity, and on phosphorus availability

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Helyar ◽  
AJ Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Phosphorus Level ◽  
Negative Interaction ◽  
Water Suspensions ◽  
Soil Solutions

Preliminary pot culture experiments indicated that the yield of phalaris relative to that of perennial ryegrass was poor on the less productive soils, particularly on some of the soils of pH <5.0 as measured in 115 soil/water suspensions. On an infertile acid soil with a high content of exchangeable aluminium, lucerne and phalaris plants responded to lime in pot experiments while subterranean clover, white clover, and perennial ryegrass were depressed by liming. The evidence, including that based on chemical analyses of extracted soil solutions and of lucerne plants, indicates that where adequate nitrogen had been applied, aluminium toxicity depressed the growth of lucerne and phalaris on this acid soil. The plant roots did not show the stunting which is obvious in cases of more severe aluminium toxicity. Subterranean clover, white clover, and perennial ryegrass resisted the toxicity. There was little evidence of a negative interaction between lime and phosphate on yields through their effects on aluminium toxicity. In general, responses to phosphate increased as the level of lime increased. Where suboptimal levels of nitrogen were applied there were responses to lime which were not clearly attributable to the alleviation of aluminium toxicity. Where nitrogen was adequate and there was no effect of lime in counteracting aluminium toxicity, in most cases lime caused a decrease in the concentration of phosphorus in the plants as well as a decrease in the yield. Lime also caused a decrease in the phosphorus level in the extracted soil solutions. However, in some cases where lime counteracted aluminium toxicity it increased the concentration of phosphorus in the tops of the plants. The significance of the results in relation to the problem of the diagnosis of aluminium toxicity is discussed.

Rapidly extracted (0.02 M CaCl2-soluble) reactive aluminum as a measure of aluminum toxicity in soils

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
EA Close ◽  
HKJ Powell
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Aluminium Species

This paper examines the use of short extraction times, and the determination of aluminium with chrome azurol S (CAS), for the estimation of 0.02 M CaCl2-soluble aluminium in soils. It reports the correlation between CAS-reactive aluminium in 5 min extracts and percent maximum yield of white clover (Trifolium repens) for a series of acid soils. The reactivity of soluble and colloidal aluminium species with the metallochromic reagent CAS has been assessed. ~ l ( a q ) ~ + , simple hydroxy species and complexes of weakly binding ligands (salicylic acid, tannins) are CAS-reactive (2 rnin). In contrast, complexes of strongly binding ligands (citric acid, fulvic acid) are not CAS-reactive ([Al] ~ [L] ~ [CAS] ~ 1-2~10-5 M). For a series of six limed phosphated topsoils and subsoils (pH 4.2-5.5), 0.02 M CaCl2- soluble aluminium, as determined with CAS, was negatively correlated against the percent maximum yield of white clover; r2 = -0.73** (5 min extraction), n = 20. This correlation is similar to that for yield against total aluminium as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after 60 min extraction (r2 = -0.77**). However, the colorimetric analysis is more convenient and sensitive; further, it does not measure colloidal and polymeric aluminium species (which may not be plant-available). The satisfactory correlation achieved for short extraction times suggests use of CAS for a rapid field method for aluminium toxicity in soils.

The response of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) to foliar applications of phosphorus

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Bouma
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf

Subterranean clover plants were grown in river sand or in culture solutions with and without phosphorus. Some phosphorus-deficient plants were sprayed once every 2–3 days with solutions (pH 2.5) of several phosphorus compounds at various concentrations, with and without wetting agents. Dry weights of tops and roots were significantly increased by most spray treatments compared with control plants grown without phosphorus. Foliar applications of 50 mM phosphoric acid solutions, containing little or no wetting agent, generally gave the greatest response. In the first experiment the plant dry weight in the best spray treatment was twice as high and in the second experiment 3.5 times as high as in the controls without applied phosphorus. In these spray treatments plant dry weight was no more than 40% of that in the control treatment receiving root phosphorus. Two days after application of 32P (solution pH 5.5, 0.01 mM phosphate) to the centre leaflet of either the first or the fourth trifoliate leaf, 70% of the tracer could be removed by washing with 20 ml water. Seven days after application of the tracer the treated leaflet of the first or the fourth trifoliate leaf still contained 77 or 70% respectively of the amount absorbed by the plant. In another experiment, in which 32P was applied in a 30 mM H3PO4solution at pH 2.5 or 5.0, washing of the treated leaflet 2 days after application removed 42 and 60% of the tracer respectively. Seven days after application the treated leaflet contained 28 and 34% respectively of the residue after washing. Relatively slow rates of uptake of phosphorus applied to the leaves were considered to be at least partly responsible for the poor growth responses compared with phosphorus applied to the roots. It was concluded that foliar applications of phosphorus offered little scope as a practical means of hastening the recovery from phosphorus deficiency.

The ameliorative effects of low-grade palygorskite on acidic soil

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Jin-Hua Yuan ◽  
Sheng-Zhe E ◽  
Zong-Xian Che
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Acid Neutralisation

Mineral composition and alkaline properties of palygorskite (Pal), and its ameliorative effects on chemical properties of acid soil were investigated. Dolomite was the main form of alkali in Pal and the acid neutralisation capacity of Pal was 215 cmol kg–1. Incubation experiments indicated that Pal incorporation increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity, base saturation and exchangeable K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents, and decreased the levels of exchangeable H+, Al3+ and acidity, over a 1-year period. The ameliorative mechanisms were the dissolution of major alkaline matter in Pal (i.e. dolomite), and the exchange between released Ca2+ and Mg2+ with H+ in acidic soil. Hence, Pal can be used as a moderate acidic soil amendment.

A description of acid soils and the relationships between properties of acid soils and the nutrient status of grazed pastures in the southeast of South Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJV Hodge ◽  
DC Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Extractable Soil

Areas of low soil pH in the south-east of South Australia were delineated by using previously submitted soil samples and soil association maps. A survey was then undertaken in the major soil associations to determine the severity and characteristics of highly acid soils. The acid soil types identified were a siliceous sand over clay (Db/Dy) and a siliceous sand over organic matter/sesquioxide pan (Uc). The top 2.5 cm of both soil types was significantly less acid than the remaining portion of the A horizon, with pH decreasing rapidly with depth until the B horizon, where a substantial soil pH increase occurred. As soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) decreased below 4.5, extractable soil aluminium (0.01 M CaCl2) increased rapidly, to a maximum extractable concentration of 17 �g g-l. These soil types were also found to be deficient in both phosphorus and potassium, with 65% of the sites having extractable phosphorus concentrations below the critical value of 20 �g g-1 and 35% below the critical value for extractable potassium of 80 �g g-l. For subterranean clover, significant positive correlations were observed between soil pH and plant calcium and sulfur, and between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium and magnesium. For ryegrass, significant positive correlations were observed between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium and manganese. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium. No other significant correlations were obtained. The results are discussed in relation to further acidification and management of these acid siliceous sands.

Change in soil pH, manganese and aluminium under subterranean clover pasture

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Bromfield ◽  
RW Cumming ◽  
DJ David ◽  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Clover Pasture

Changes in soil pH, manganese and aluminium as a result of long periods under subterranean clover pasture were examined in soils formed on granite, basalt and sedimentary rocks near Goulburn, New South Wales. Decreases in the pH of yellow duplex soils formed on granite, sedimentary rocks and basalt had occurred to depths of 60, 40 and 30 cm, respectively. The smaller depth of acidification in the latter two soils is considered to be due to their shallower A horizons over well buffered, clay B horizons. Under the oldest pastures (55 years) the decreases exceeded one pH unit throughout the entire sampled depth (60 cm). In some soils, under old improved pastures, calcium chloride-extractable manganese had increased to more than 20 ppm throughout the 60 cm profile and to greater than 50 ppm in the surface 10 cm. These levels are considered toxic to sensitive plant species and the highest levels may be toxic to subterranean clover. The amounts of extractable manganese in soils appear to be determined by both pH and the amounts of reactive manganese. In general, the amounts of total and reactive manganese were appreciably higher in the soils of basaltic origin. Substantial increases in extractable and exchangeable aluminium had also accompanied the decrease in pH and, in the surface 10 cm, were greatest in the soils formed on sedimentary parent materials. In many of the soils under old improved pastures, exchangeable aluminium, as a percentage of the effective cation exchange capacity, now exceeds 12%, especially in the 5-10 cm layer, and is probably harmful to sensitive species. Increases in exchangeable aluminium also occurred below the surface 10 cm and, in the granitic soils under the oldest pastures, exchangeable aluminium accounted for 30-50% of the effective cation exchange capacity throughout the 5-50 cm soil depth. The adverse changes in pH, manganese and aluminium observed in this study can be expected to continue under many improved pastures and to generate soil conditions unsuitable for many agricultural plants. The use of lime to arrest or reverse these changes seems inevitable.

Effects of lime and gypsum on growth of sweet potato in two strongly acid soils

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vele P Ila'ava ◽  
Pax Blamey ◽  
Colin J Asher
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
A Value ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potato Growth

There were strong relationships between exchangeable aluminium (Al) and relative top yield, and between soil pH and relative top yield in the Garret and Bisinella soils. Sweet potato plants produced maximum top yields at soil exchangeable Al <3.0 cmol ((+)/kg, with a 10% yield reduction coinciding with a value of approximately 5.0 cmol (+)/kg. The value was lower for the Bisinella soil than the Garret soil. In the case of pH, maximum yield in both soils was evident at a soil pH of 5.0 with 90% of maximum yield being achieved at about pH 4.7. These results suggest that soil pH would be a good index for Al toxicity. The close relationships between sweet potato growth and both exchangeable Al and soil pH need to be explored further to determine whether it will hold across a wide range of acid soil groups.

scholarly journals Soil aluminium toxicity in New Zealand pastoral farming – a review

2018 ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Jeff D Morton ◽  
Jim L Moir
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Extractable Soil

As most New Zealand pastoral soils are acidic, aluminium (Al) can be present at high concentrations and restrict plant root growth and shoot yield. In field trials, Al toxicity in white clover has been associated with CaCl2-extractable soil Al levels of 3-5 ppm or exchangeable soil KCl-extractable levels of 1-2 me/100g, when soil pH levels were below 5.5-5.7 in the top 75 mm. Lucerne is less tolerant of Al toxicity than white clover and ryegrass, which in turn are less tolerant than Lotus spp., arrow leaf, subterranean, Caucasian, Persian and gland clovers, and naturalised adventive annuals such as cluster, haresfoot, striated and suckling clovers. Soil Al toxicity generally increases with soil depth. Soil pH is a reliable indicator of soil Al and, on average, can be increased by 0.1 units/tonne/ha of applied lime to reduce soil Al to below the toxic range. Lime application is the most effective strategy where it can be ground-applied. A key limitation of ground-applied lime to reduce Al toxicity is that its movement down the soil only occurs slowly except in high rainfall areas. Soil Al and pH levels and legume content in hill soils varies according to slope and aspect and there is an opportunity to differentially apply lime by air to areas with low soil pH and more legume, for the best economic return.

Productivity and persistence of Trifolium hirtum, T. michelianum, T. glanduliferum and Ornithopus sativus sown as monocultures or in mixtures with T. subterraneum in the south-eastern Australian wheat belt

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
B. C. D. Wilson ◽  
C. A. Rodham ◽  
P. McCaskie ◽  
G. A. Sandral
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Ornithopus Sativus ◽  
Pasture Legume ◽  
Trifolium Hirtum

The persistence and productivity of 5 annual pasture legume species: French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot) cv. Cadiz; rose clover (Trifolium hirtum All.) cv. Hykon; balansa clover (T. michelianum Savi) cv.�Frontier; gland clover (T. glanduliferum) cv. Prima) and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.), grown in monocultures or as binary mixtures with subterranean clover cv. Nungarin, were examined on an acid soil (pH�4.7) in the low rainfall wheat belt of south-eastern Australia over a 3-year period of continuous pasture.

Involvement of Phosphorus in Nitrogen Fixation by Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Robson ◽  
GW O'hara ◽  
LK Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Positive Interaction

Effects of phosphorus supply on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in subterranean clover paralleled those on growth and occurred only after, or at the same time as, growth responses. However, correcting phosphorus deficiency increased nitrogen concentrations in tops as well as weight of tops. Effects of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation operated through effects on phosphorus nutrition of the host. Inoculation with a VA mycorrhizal fungus only stimulated nodulation and nitrogen fixation when insufficient phosphorus was applied for maximum growth of the non-mycorrhizal plant. Phosphorus concentrations in nodules greatly exceeded those in either tops or roots in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants and with phosphorus levels ranging from severely deficient to luxury supply for plant growth. Nitrogen applied after nitrogen fixation had commenced increased fresh weight of tops to a greater extent where phosphorus was non-limiting to growth. This positive interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth of nodulated nitrogen-fixing subterranean clover suggests that phosphorus deficiency does not limit growth in legumes by decreasing nitrogen fixation. It is concluded that increasing phosphorus supply increases nitrogen fixation in subterranean clover by stimulating host plant growth rather than by effects on either rhizobial growth and survival or on nodule formation and function.

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