scholarly journals Heritable victimization and the benefits of agonistic relationships

2010 ◽  
Vol 107 (50) ◽  
pp. 21587-21592 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Lea ◽  
D. T. Blumstein ◽  
T. W. Wey ◽  
J. G. A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Agonistic Relationships

Self- and allo-grooming behavior in some ground squirrels (Sciuridae), a descriptive study

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Grooming Behavior ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Agonistic Relationships

The different grooming behavior patterns, postures, and body cleaning motions, analyzed by cinephoto techniques, are first described in three species of ground squirrels, studied in captivity and in the field. Most patterns recorded appear to be widespread among mammals. Some of them, however, appear to be more specialized, reflecting apparently the propensity of some rodents, particularly sciurids, to assume a bipedal, sitting-up posture, and to use the forepaws in "manipulating" tasks. Some "cleaning" motions, particularly face washing and rubbing of some body parts with the limbs, might also represent scent-related behavior. Areas that are known to bear secretory apocrine glands, around the mouth corners for instance, are consistently rubbed. Other body areas, particularly the head region (cheeks, supra- and infra-orbital, occipital, and ear areas), one ventrolateral and anterodorsal area and possibly the root of the tail, dorsally, show darker zones, of oily appearance, that might also be involved in scent-related behavior, during grooming. Allogrooming, also, is often directed onto the above-mentioned areas, particularly the ones on the head. Allogrooming can also be affected by dominance/subordination and (or) agonistic relationships.

scholarly journals Social Vigilance of Friends and Foes in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-555
Author(s):  
Tom S. Roth ◽  
Elisabeth H. M. Sterck
Keyword(s):  
Group Living ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Western Lowland Gorillas ◽  
Agonistic Relationships ◽  
Social Vigilance ◽  
Lowland Gorillas

In social species, such as many primate species, conspecifics can pose a threat and individuals that are socially vigilant can prevent harassment. Many previous studies have focused on the role of agonistic interactions on social vigilance. In a variety of primate species, individuals are more vigilant for aggressive or dominant group members. In contrast, only few studies have investigated whether affiliative relationships also affect social vigilance. These studies revealed that individuals with an affiliative relationship showed lower levels of vigilance towards each other. Here, we tested the differential effects of both dyadic agonism and affiliation on the level of social vigilance of group-living western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Apenheul Primate Park, The Netherlands. We made continuous focal observations of agonistic and affiliative interactions and we scored level of vigilance during neutral approaches of conspecifics. We found that dyads with many affiliative interactions showed lower levels of vigilance towards each other. The opposite pattern was found for agonistic experiences, but this effect was not statistically robust. In addition, the adult male and adolescent males received higher levels of social vigilance than individuals from other age-sex classes. Our results indicate that level of social vigilance was linked to affiliative and, to a lesser extent, agonistic relationships in western lowland gorillas. We suggest that future studies in both egalitarian and despotic species should investigate whether, next to aggression, affiliation also influences social vigilance.

scholarly journals Triple Self-Sorting in Constitutional Dynamic Networks: Parallel Generation of Cu(I), Fe(II) and Zn(II) Imine-Based Metal Complexes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Ayme ◽  
Sébastien Dhers ◽  
Jean-Marie Lehn
Keyword(s):  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Kinetic Trap ◽  
Sorting Process ◽  
Agonistic Relationships ◽  
The Stability

<div>Three imine-based metal complexes, having no overlap in terms of their compositions, have been simultaneously generated from the self-sorting of a constitutional dynamic library (CDL) containing three amines, three aldehydes and three metal salts. The hierarchical ordering of the stability of three metal complexes assembled and the leveraging of the antagonistic and agonistic relationships existing between the constituents within the constitutional dynamic network corresponding to the CDL were pivotal in achieving the desired sorting. The mechanism and the driving forces underlying the self-sorting process have been studied by NMR. The self-sorting of the Fe(II) and Zn(II) complexes was found to depend on an interplay between the thermodynamic driving forces and a kinetic trap involved in their assembling. These results also exemplify the concept of “simplexity” –the fact that the output of a self-assembling system may be simplified by increasing its initial compositional complexity—as the two complexes could self-sort only in the presence of the third pair of organic components, those of the Cu(I) complex.</div><br>

scholarly journals Triple Self-Sorting in Constitutional Dynamic Networks: Parallel Generation of Cu(I), Fe(II) and Zn(II) Imine-Based Metal Complexes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Ayme ◽  
Sébastien Dhers ◽  
Jean-Marie Lehn
Keyword(s):  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Kinetic Trap ◽  
Sorting Process ◽  
Agonistic Relationships ◽  
The Stability

<div>Three imine-based metal complexes, having no overlap in terms of their compositions, have been simultaneously generated from the self-sorting of a constitutional dynamic library (CDL) containing three amines, three aldehydes and three metal salts. The hierarchical ordering of the stability of three metal complexes assembled and the leveraging of the antagonistic and agonistic relationships existing between the constituents within the constitutional dynamic network corresponding to the CDL were pivotal in achieving the desired sorting. The mechanism and the driving forces underlying the self-sorting process have been studied by NMR. The self-sorting of the Fe(II) and Zn(II) complexes was found to depend on an interplay between the thermodynamic driving forces and a kinetic trap involved in their assembling. These results also exemplify the concept of “simplexity” –the fact that the output of a self-assembling system may be simplified by increasing its initial compositional complexity—as the two complexes could self-sort only in the presence of the third pair of organic components, those of the Cu(I) complex.</div><br>

Effect of affiliative and agonistic relationships on leadership behaviour in free-ranging dogs

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 981-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Bonanni ◽  
Simona Cafazzo ◽  
Paola Valsecchi ◽  
Eugenia Natoli
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Behaviour ◽  
Agonistic Relationships ◽  
Free Ranging

scholarly journals Knowledge acquired and decisions made: triadic interactions during allogrooming in wild bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata

1998 ◽  
Vol 353 (1368) ◽  
pp. 619-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anindya Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Macaca Radiata ◽  
Wild Female ◽  
Bonnet Macaques ◽  
Triadic Interactions ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Dominant Individual ◽  
Dominant Member ◽  
Agonistic Relationships

The pressures of developing and maintaining intricate social relationships may have led to the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities in many nonhuman primates. Knowledge of the dominance ranks and social relationships of other individuals, in particular, is important in evaluating one's position in the rank hierarchy and affiliative networks. Triadic interactions offer an excellent opportunity to examine whether decisions are taken by individuals on the basis of such knowledge. Allogrooming supplants among wild female bonnet macaques ( Macaca radiata ) usually involved the subordinate female of a grooming dyad retreating at the approach of a female dominant to both members of the dyad. In a few exceptional cases, however, the dominant member of the dyad retreated; simple non–cognitive hypotheses involving dyadic rank differences and agonistic relationships failed to explain this phenomenon. Instead, retreat by the dominant individual was positively correlated with the social attractiveness of her subordinate companion (as measured by the duration of grooming received by the latter from other females in the troop). This suggests that not only does an individual evaluate relationships among other females, but does so on the basis of the amount of grooming received by them. Similarly, the frequency of approaches received by any female was correlated with her social attractiveness when she was the dominant member of the dyad, but not when she was the subordinate. This indicated that approaching females might be aware of the relative dominance ranks of the two allogrooming individuals. In logistic regression analyses, the probability of any individual retreating was found to be influenced more by her knowledge of her rank difference with both the other interactants, rather than by their absolute ranks. Moreover, information about social attractiveness appeared to be used in terms of correlated dominance ranks. The nature of knowledge acquired by bonnet macaque females may thus be egotistical in that other individuals are evaluated relative to oneself, integrative in that information about all other interactants is used simultaneously, and hierarchical in the ability to preferentially use certain categories of knowledge for the storage of related information from other domains.

Nietzsche on the Soul as a Political Structure

Symposium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 260-280
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Harris ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Agency ◽  
The Self ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Theoretical Account ◽  
Lack Of Fit ◽  
Unity Of The Self ◽  
Agonistic Relationships

A critic of metaphysically robust accounts of the human self, Nietzsche means not to do away with the self entirely, but to reimagine it. He pursues an account according to which the unity of the self is born out of a coherent organization of drives and yet is not something other than that organization. Readers of Nietzsche have pointed to a so-called “lack of fit” between this theoretical account of the self, according to which the self is nothing apart from the organization of drives, and Nietzsche’s practical account of human agency, which often seems to require that the self be something more than mere drives. I suggest Nietzsche’s interest in Greek agonistic norms of contest sheds light on this apparent incongruity. Agonistic relationships, insofar as they cultivate contest among diverse forces, are for Nietzsche one appropriate model for the subjectivity of beings whose psychology is similarly characterized by contest among diverse forces—that is, beings like us.Nietzsche est un critique des théories métaphysiques de l’ego. Cependant, il a l'intention de ne pas entièrement éliminer l’ego, mais de le réinventer. Selon Nietzsche, l’ego est le produit d'une organisation cohérente des pulsions et pourtant il n'est pas autre chose que cette organisation. Certains ont souligné une contradiction entre ce récit de soi et le récit de l'action humaine de Nietzsche, qui semble souvent exiger que le soi soit autre chose que de simples pulsions. Je suggère que l'intérêt de Nietzsche pour le concours grec soit important pour cette discussion. Selon Nietzsche, la contestation, parce qu'elle organise diverses forces, est un modèle approprié pour la subjectivité des personnes, dont la psychologie est caractérisée de la même manière par la lutte entre diverses forces.

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