scholarly journals The seawater carbon inventory at the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (39) ◽  
pp. 24088-24095
Author(s):  
Laura L. Haynes ◽  
Bärbel Hönisch
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Planktic Foraminifera ◽  
Natural Analog ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Carbon Release ◽  
Main Carbon Source ◽  
Carbon Inventory ◽  
Main Carbon

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) (55.6 Mya) was a geologically rapid carbon-release event that is considered the closest natural analog to anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Recent work has used boron-based proxies in planktic foraminifera to characterize the extent of surface-ocean acidification that occurred during the event. However, seawater acidity alone provides an incomplete constraint on the nature and source of carbon release. Here, we apply previously undescribed culture calibrations for the B/Ca proxy in planktic foraminifera and use them to calculate relative changes in seawater-dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, surmising that Pacific surface-ocean DIC increased by +1,010−646+1,415 µmol/kg during the peak-PETM. Making reasonable assumptions for the pre-PETM oceanic DIC inventory, we provide a fully data-driven estimate of the PETM carbon source. Our reconstruction yields a mean source carbon δ13C of −10‰ and a mean increase in the oceanic C inventory of +14,900 petagrams of carbon (PgC), pointing to volcanic CO2 emissions as the main carbon source responsible for PETM warming.

scholarly journals A β-d-fructofuranosidase from Claviceps purpurea

1972 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Dickerson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Time Transfer ◽  
Main Carbon Source ◽  
Main Carbon

Evidence suggests that sucrose is the main carbon source for growth of Claviceps spp. in the parasitic condition. The sucrose acts as substrate for an active β-fructofuranosidase, produced by the fungus, which in the first instance converts the disaccharide into glucose and an oligofructoside. In this way, 50% of the glucose, supplied as sucrose, is made available to the parasite for assimilation. Subsequent action of the enzyme on both sucrose and the oligofructoside leads to the release of more glucose and the formation of additional oligosaccharides. The structures of the main oligosaccharides formed have been elucidated and the interactions of each compound studied. In experiments with purified enzyme in vitro the interaction of the oligosaccharides is rapid but in culture they are assimilated only slowly; in each case some free fructose is liberated. Free fructose is not assimilated in the presence of glucose and, further, inhibits growth at concentrations which might be expected to occur in the parasitic condition. A dual role has been suggested for the enzyme, with sucrose as substrate, in which glucose is made available to the growing parasite, while at the same time transfer of the fructose to form oligosaccharides prevents it from accumulating at inhibitory concentrations. Ultimately, when glucose becomes limiting, the fungus will adapt to fructose assimilation.

Screening of biosurfactant-producing Bacillus strains using glycerol from the biodiesel synthesis as main carbon source

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 897-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sousa ◽  
V. M. M. Melo ◽  
S. Rodrigues ◽  
H. B. Sant’ana ◽  
L. R. B. Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Main Carbon Source ◽  
Bacillus Strains ◽  
Main Carbon

scholarly journals ANME-2d anaerobic methanotrophic archaea differ from other ANME archaea in lipid composition and carbon source

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Kurth ◽  
Nadine T. Smit ◽  
Stefanie Berger ◽  
Stefan Schouten ◽  
Mike S.M. Jetten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Anaerobic Oxidation Of Methane ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Oxidation Of Methane ◽  
Main Carbon Source

AbstractThe anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a microbial process present in marine and freshwater environments. AOM is important for reducing the emission of the second most important greenhouse gas methane. In marine environments anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) are involved in sulfate-reducing AOM. In contrast,Ca. Methanoperedens of the ANME-2d cluster carries out nitrate AOM in freshwater ecosystems. Despite the importance of those organisms for AOM in non-marine environments not much is known about their lipid composition or carbon sources. To close this gap, we analyzed the lipid composition of ANME-2d archaea and found that they mainly synthesize archaeol and hydroxyarchaeol as well as different (hydroxy-) glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, albeit in much lower amounts. Abundant lipid headgroups were dihexose, monomethyl-phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl hexose. Moreover, a monopentose was detected as a lipid headgroup which is rare among microorganisms. Batch incubations with13C labelled bicarbonate and methane showed that methane is the main carbon source of ANME-2d archaea varying from ANME-1 archaea which primarily assimilate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). ANME-2d archaea also assimilate DIC, but to a lower extent than methane. The lipid characterization and analysis of the carbon source ofCa.Methanoperedens facilitates distinction between ANME-2d and other ANMEs.

scholarly journals Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea of the ANME-2d clade feature lipid composition that differs from other ANME archaea

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M Kurth ◽  
Nadine T Smit ◽  
Stefanie Berger ◽  
Stefan Schouten ◽  
Mike S M Jetten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Anaerobic Oxidation Of Methane ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Oxidation Of Methane ◽  
Main Carbon Source

ABSTRACTThe anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a microbial process present in marine and freshwater environments. AOM is important for reducing the emission of the second most important greenhouse gas methane. In marine environments anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) are involved in sulfate-reducing AOM. In contrast, Ca. Methanoperedens of the ANME-2d cluster carries out nitrate AOM in freshwater ecosystems. Despite the importance of those organisms for AOM in non-marine environments little is known about their lipid composition or carbon sources. To close this gap, we analysed the lipid composition of ANME-2d archaea and found that they mainly synthesise archaeol and hydroxyarchaeol as well as different (hydroxy-) glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, albeit in much lower amounts. Abundant lipid headgroups were dihexose, monomethyl-phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl hexose. Moreover, a monopentose was detected as a lipid headgroup that is rare among microorganisms. Batch incubations with 13C labelled bicarbonate and methane showed that methane is the main carbon source of ANME-2d archaea varying from ANME-1 archaea that primarily assimilate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). ANME-2d archaea also assimilate DIC, but to a lower extent than methane. The lipid characterisation and analysis of the carbon source of Ca. Methanoperedens facilitates distinction between ANME-2d and other ANMEs.

scholarly journals Influence of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous Sources on Glucoamylase Production by Aspergillus awamori in Solid State Fermentation

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 708-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Telma Elita Bertolin ◽  
Willibaldo Schmidell ◽  
Alfredo E. Maiorano ◽  
Janice Casara ◽  
Jorge A. V. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Aspergillus Awamori ◽  
Main Carbon Source ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Additional Carbon Source ◽  
Main Carbon ◽  
Glucoamylase Production

AbstractIt was the objective of the present study to increase the production of glucoamylase by Aspergillus awamori through solid state fermentation, using wheat bran as the main carbon source and (NH4)2SO4, urea, KH2PO4, glucose, maltose and starch as additional nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon sources. The production of glucoamylase is strongly influenced by N and C sources. A 100% increase was observed when the (NH4)2SO4 was replaced by urea, with C/N = 4.8, using maltose as the additional carbon source. C/P ratios in a range of 5.1 to 28.7 did not induce glucoamylase production under the studied conditions.

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