scholarly journals Genomic analysis of the brassica pathogen turnip mosaic potyvirus reveals its spread along the former trade routes of the Silk Road

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. e2021221118
Author(s):  
Shusuke Kawakubo ◽  
Fangluan Gao ◽  
Shifang Li ◽  
Zhongyang Tan ◽  
Ying-Kun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Migration Pathways ◽  
The Silk Road

Plant pathogens have agricultural impacts on a global scale and resolving the timing and route of their spread can aid crop protection and inform control strategies. However, the evolutionary and phylogeographic history of plant pathogens in Eurasia remains largely unknown because of the difficulties in sampling across such a large landmass. Here, we show that turnip mosaic potyvirus (TuMV), a significant pathogen of brassica crops, spread from west to east across Eurasia from about the 17th century CE. We used a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to analyze 579 whole genome sequences and up to 713 partial sequences of TuMV, including 122 previously unknown genome sequences from isolates that we collected over the past five decades. Our phylogeographic and molecular clock analyses showed that TuMV isolates of the Asian-Brassica/Raphanus (BR) and basal-BR groups and world-Brassica3 (B3) subgroup spread from the center of emergence to the rest of Eurasia in relation to the host plants grown in each country. The migration pathways of TuMV have retraced some of the major historical trade arteries in Eurasia, a network that formed the Silk Road, and the regional variation of the virus is partly characterized by different type patterns of recombinants. Our study presents a complex and detailed picture of the timescale and major transmission routes of an important plant pathogen.

Economic Opportunities in One Belt One Road (OBOR) Project and Turkey's Position

2021 ◽  
pp. 373-404
Author(s):  
İlteriş Turan ◽  
Güner Koç Aytekin
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Economic Opportunities ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Silk Road ◽  
Historic Silk

After a short time from the discovery of silk by China, it had become a status symbol in the world, and it reached up to the Roman Empire. This created trade routes and they were called the “Silk Road.” The goods that came to the Mediterranean through this historical trade route were distributed to the world through Mediterranean ports. However, invention of compass by China paved the way for geographical discoveries and new trade routes were found as a result of these discoveries. These developments reduced importance of the Silk Road. Approx. 500 years later, China became a manufacturing center as a result of its trade with the West. This situation reminded China of the “Historic Silk Road,” and they announced the project under the name of One Belt One Road to the world in 2013, which is essentially a modern version of the “Historic Silk Road.” Economic Opportunities In Obor Project will be analysed in this study.

scholarly journals Developmental Historiography of the Ancient Silk Road

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Sheriff G.I. ◽  
Akeje K.
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Far East ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
Ancient Silk Road ◽  
The Silk Road

This study seeks to explain the history of the ancient Silk Road and also explain its strategic importance as a network of trade routes connecting China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe. Using the library's documented instrument and historical descriptive methodology, findings show that the Silk Road is historically connected with the Eastern and Western civilizations and culture. Merchants on the Silk Road transported goods and traded at bazaars along the way. They traded goods such as silk, spices, tea, ivory, cotton, wool, precious metals, and ideas. The Silk Road also enabled cultural transfers, for instance when Genghis Khan and the Mongols invaded China, they came along with their own culture, e.g., buttons on clothes were introduced in China as a cultural import from Central Asia especially under the rule of Kublai Khan during the Yuan Dynasty. The paper concludes that the Silk Road rose to prominence during the Han and Tang dynasties. The long-distance trade at this time did not just transport goods and luxuries, it was also a lifeline of ideas and innovations from Persia, India and countries of the Middle East and Central Asia.

scholarly journals Insect Transmission of Plant Pathogens: a Systems Biology Perspective

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. e00168-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Heck
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Vector Systems

ABSTRACT Insect-vectored pathogens pose one of the greatest threats to plant and animal, including human, health on a global scale. Few effective control strategies have been developed to thwart the transmission of any insect-transmitted pathogen. Most have negative impacts on the environment and human health and are unsustainable. Plant pathogen transmission by insect vectors involves a combination of coevolving biological players: plant hosts, insect vectors, plant pathogens, and bacterial endosymbionts harbored by the insect. Our ability to help growers to control vector-borne disease depends on our ability to generate pathogen- and/or disease-resistant crops by traditional or synthetic approaches and to block pathogen transmission by the insect vector. Systems biology studies have led to the reexamination of existing paradigms on how pathogens interact with insect vectors, including the bacterial symbionts, and have identified vector-pathogen interactions at the molecular and cellular levels for the development of novel transmission interdiction strategies.

“Band Wagon and Gravy Train”: uses and abuses along the Silk Road

Afghanistan ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-194
Author(s):  
Warwick Ball
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
International Image ◽  
Academic Discussion ◽  
The Silk Road

The Silk Road as an image is a relatively new one for Afghanistan. It appeals to both the pre-Islamic and the perceived Islamic past, thus offering an Islamic balance to previous identities linked to Bamiyan or to the Kushans. It also appeals to a broader and more international image, one that has been taken up by many other countries. This paper traces the rise of the image of the Silk Road and its use as a metaphor for ancient trade to encompass all contacts throughout Eurasia, prehistoric, ancient and modern, but also how the image has been adopted and expanded into many other areas: politics, tourism and academia. It is argued here that the origin and popularity of the term lies in late 20th century (and increasingly 21st century) politics rather than any reality of ancient trade. Its consequent validity as a metaphor in academic discussion is questioned

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