Asthma is often associated with airway eosinophilia, and therapies targeting eosinophils are now available to treat severe eosinophilic asthma. Eosinophilic asthma is often due to a type-2 immune response and production of IL-5, which leads to eosinophilopiesis and recruitment of mature eosinophils in the airways. A concomitant type-2 and type-17 response has been reported in some individuals. IL-17 may be enhanced by IL-1βproduction and can lead to neutrophilic inflammation. In fact, both eosinophilic and neutrophilic (mixed granulocytic) inflammation are simultaneously present in a large population of patients with asthma. In monocyte/macrophage cell populations, release of mature IL-1βoccurs via toll-like receptor ligand-induced activation of the inflammasome. Within the inflammasome, a cascade of events leads to the activation of caspase-1, which cleaves pro-IL-1βprotein into a mature, releasable, and active form. We have demonstrated that eosinophils can release IL-1βin a Toll-like receptor ligand-independent fashion. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms underlying the production and maturation of IL-1βin cytokine-activated eosinophils. Using eosinophils from circulating blood and from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after an airway allergen challenge, the present study demonstrates that cytokine-activated eosinophils express and release a bioactive form of IL-1βwith an apparent size less than the typical 17 kDa mature form produced by macrophages. Using a zymography approach and pharmacological inhibitors, we identified matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as a protease that cleaves pro-IL-1βinto a ~15 kDa form and allows the release of IL-1βfrom cytokine-activated eosinophils. Therefore, we conclude that activated eosinophils produce MMP-9, which causes the release of IL-1βin an inflammasome/caspase-1-independent manner. The production of IL-1βby eosinophils may be a link between the eosinophilic/type-2 immune response and the neutrophilic/type-17 immune response that is often associated with a more severe and treatment-refractory type of asthma.
Neu1 Sialidase and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Cross-talk Is Essential for Toll-like Receptor Activation and Cellular Signaling
