scholarly journals Functional Equilibrium of the KcsA Structure Revealed by NMR

2012 ◽  
Vol 287 (47) ◽  
pp. 39634-39641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunsuke Imai ◽  
Masanori Osawa ◽  
Kenichiro Mita ◽  
Shou Toyonaga ◽  
Asako Machiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Equilibrium

scholarly journals The Fundamentals for Craniofacial Morphogenesis -A review with emphasis on the decisive dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 052-057
Author(s):  
Gaurav Agnihotri
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Theory ◽  
Craniofacial Growth ◽  
Aggregate State ◽  
Functional Equilibrium ◽  
Maxilla And Mandible ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pathologic Processes ◽  
Craniofacial Complex ◽  
Functional Matrix ◽  
Craniofacial Morphogenesis

AbstractA rekindled need to widerstand details of craniofacial morphogenesis stems from the clinicians requirement to distinguish normal Variation from the effect of abnormal or pathologic processes. The understanding of the developmental blueprint is core to diagnosis, timing, planning of treatment and predicting post treatment outcomes. The morphogenesis works constantly towards a State of composite, architectonic balance among all of the separate growing parts. The various parts, developmentally merge into a functional whole with each part complementing the others as they all grow and function together. The present overview takes into account the principal fundamentals of the morphogenesis and the decisive dynamics involved therein. There is a cephalo-caudal gradient in the craniofacial growth pattern. In accordance with functional matrix theory, the major determinant of growth of maxilla and mandible is enlargement of nasal and oral cavities, which grow in response to functional needs. The craniofacial complex can be divided into four areas that grow rather differently.These are cranial vault, cranial base, nasomaxillary complex and mandible. The craniofacial morphogenesis leads to an aggregate State of structural and functional equilibrium. A thorough understanding of the process and patterns is the 'vital key' for successful therapies in this region.

scholarly journals Functional Equilibrium of Membrane Proteins by NMR

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 12_40-12_42
Author(s):  
Ichio SHIMADA
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Functional Equilibrium

scholarly journals The transposition of the balance sheet to financial and functional balance sheet. Research and development

10.26458/1532 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Liana GĂDĂU
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Bankruptcy Risk ◽  
Functional Balance ◽  
Functional Equilibrium ◽  
Financial Balance ◽  
Operating Cycles

As the title suggests, through this paper we want to highlight the necessity of treating again the content and the form of the balance sheet in order to adapt it to a more efficient analysis, this way surpassing the informational valences of the classic balance sheet.The functional and the financial balance sheet will be taken into account. These models of balance sheet permit the complex analyses regarding the solvability or the bankruptcy risk of an enterprise to take place, and also other analyses, like the analysis of the structure and the financial/ functional equilibrium, the analysis of the company on operating cycles and their role in the functioning of the company. Through the particularities offered by each of these two models of balance sheet, we want to present the advantages of a superior informing. This content of this material is based on a vast investigation of the specialized literature.   

The role of biomass allocation in the growth response of plants to different levels of light, CO2, nutrients and water: a quantitative review

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Poorter ◽  
Oscar Nagel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Functional Equilibrium ◽  
Leaf Mass

The allocation of biomass to different plant organs depends on species, ontogeny and on the environment experienced by the plant. In this paper we first discuss some methodological tools to describe and analyse the allocation of biomass. Rather than the use of shoot:root ratios, we plead strongly for a subdivision of biomass into at least three compartments: leaves, stems and roots. Attention is drawn to some of the disadvantages of allometry as a tool to correct for size differences between plants. Second, we tested the extent to which biomass allocation of plants follows the model of a ‘functional equilibrium’. According to this model, plants respond to a decrease in above-ground resources with increased allocation to shoots (leaves), whereas they respond to a decrease in below-ground resources with increased allocation to roots. We carried out a meta-analysis of the literature, analysing the effect of various environmental variables on the fraction of total plant biomass allocated to leaves (leaf mass fraction), stem (stem mass fraction) and roots (root mass fraction). The responses to light, nutrients and water agreed with the (qualitative) prediction of the ‘functional equilibrium’ theory. The notable exception was atmospheric CO2, which did not affect allocation when the concentration was doubled. Third, we analysed the quantitative importance of the changes in allocation compared to changes in other growth parameters, such as unit leaf rate (the net difference between carbon gain and carbon losses per unit time and leaf area), and specific leaf area (leaf area: leaf biomass). The effects of light, CO2 and water on leaf mass fractions were small compared to their effects on relative growth rate. The effects of nutrients, however, were large, suggesting that only in the case of nutrients, biomass allocation is a major factor in the response of plants to limiting resource supply.

'The functional equilibrium', nibbling on the edges of a paradigm.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lambers
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Functional Equilibrium ◽  
Alternative Path ◽  
Nitrate Supply

Mechanisms underlying the functional equilibrium between aboveground and belowground organs of higher plants are discussed with reference to maize, potatoes, wheat, cucumber and Plantago lanceolata. Evidence is presented that the alternative path contributes to a significant extent in root respiration and as this path is only engaged when the supply of carbohydrates to a sink exceeds its demand, it is suggested that root growth is not limited by the supply of carbohydrates. The close correlation between carbohydrate supply to the roots and root growth cannot be explained by a limitation of root growth by carbohydrates but a satisfactory alternative explanation is not provided. Translocation of N from the leaves to the roots of wheat at both opt. and limiting nitrate supply is described. The proportion of N translocated to the leaves and then retranslocated to the roots was highest with limiting N. It is suggested that leaves are unable to incorporate all imported N under N-limiting conditions and that the excess N is then translocated back to the roots. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

The role of biomass allocation in the growth response of plants to different levels of light, CO2, nutrients and water: a quantitative review

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Poorter ◽  
Oscar Nagel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Functional Equilibrium ◽  
Leaf Mass

The allocation of biomass to different plant organs depends on species, ontogeny and on the environment experienced by the plant. In this paper we first discuss some methodological tools to describe and analyse the allocation of biomass. Rather than the use of shoot:root ratios, we plead strongly for a subdivision of biomass into at least three compartments: leaves, stems and roots. Attention is drawn to some of the disadvantages of allometry as a tool to correct for size differences between plants. Second, we tested the extent to which biomass allocation of plants follows the model of a ‘functional equilibrium’. According to this model, plants respond to a decrease in above-ground resources with increased allocation to shoots (leaves), whereas they respond to a decrease in below-ground resources with increased allocation to roots. We carried out a meta-analysis of the literature, analysing the effect of various environmental variables on the fraction of total plant biomass allocated to leaves (leaf mass fraction), stem (stem mass fraction) and roots (root mass fraction). The responses to light, nutrients and water agreed with the (qualitative) prediction of the ‘functional equilibrium’ theory. The notable exception was atmospheric CO2, which did not affect allocation when the concentration was doubled. Third, we analysed the quantitative importance of the changes in allocation compared to changes in other growth parameters, such as unit leaf rate (the net difference between carbon gain and carbon losses per unit time and leaf area), and specific leaf area (leaf area: leaf biomass). The effects of light, CO2 and water on leaf mass fractions were small compared to their effects on relative growth rate. The effects of nutrients, however, were large, suggesting that only in the case of nutrients, biomass allocation is a major factor in the response of plants to limiting resource supply.

scholarly journals Reserve Accumulation Is Prioritized Over Growth Following Single or Combined Injuries in Three Common North American Urban Tree Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Andres Ramirez ◽  
Valentina Vitali ◽  
Jordi Martínez-Vilalta ◽  
I. Tanya Handa ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Functional Equilibrium ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Old Trees

Trees that grow in urban areas are confronted with a wide variety of stresses that undermine their long-term survival. These include mechanical damage to the crown, root reduction and stem injury, all of which remove significant parts of plant tissues. The single or combined effects of these stresses generate a complex array of growth and ecophysiological responses that are hard to predict. Here we evaluated the effects of different individual and combined damage on the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC, low weight sugars plus starch) concentration and new tissue growth (diameter increment) in young trees. We hypothesized that (i) tissue damage will induce larger reductions in diameter growth than in NSC concentrations and (ii) combinations of stress treatments that minimally alter the “functional equilibrium” (e.g., similar reductions of leaf and root area) would have the least impact on NSC concentrations (although not on growth) helping to maintain tree health and integrity. To test these hypotheses, we set up a manipulative field experiment with 10-year-old trees of common urban species (Celtis occidentalis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Tilia cordata). These trees were treated with a complete array of mechanical damage combinations at different levels of intensity (i.e., three levels of defoliation and root reduction, and two levels of stem damage). We found that tree growth declined in relation to the total amount of stress inflicted on the trees, i.e., when the combined highest level of stress was applied, but NSC concentrations were either not affected or, in some cases, increased with an increasing level of stress. We did not find a consistent response in concentration of reserves in relation to the combined stress treatments. Therefore, trees appear to reach a new “functional equilibrium” that allows them to adjust their levels of carbohydrate reserves, especially in stems and roots, to meet their metabolic demand under stressful situations. Our results provide a unique insight into the carbon economy of trees facing multiple urban stress conditions in order to better predict long-term tree performance and vitality.

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