Abstract
The osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) system is the dominant and final mediator of osteoclastogenesis. Abnormalities of this system have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many skeletal diseases. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin (PG)E2, a major eicosanoid product of the COX-2-catalyzed pathway, play key roles in normal bone tissue remodeling. PGE2 exerts its actions by binding and activating the E series of prostaglandin (EP) receptor. Activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors is associated with PGE2-induced osteoclast differentiation. IL-6, a major proinflammatory cytokine, has also been reported to induce osteoclast differentiation. Although interactions between the COX-2/PGE2 and IL-6 systems have been described in bone cells, the mechanisms underlying these cooperative signaling pathways and the possible involvement of the OPG/RANKL/RANK system have not been fully elucidated. We demonstrate that COX-2, PGE2, and IL-6 stimulate osteoblast growth and osteoclast differentiation. Effects on osteoclast differentiation, particularly with IL-6, were most marked when osteoclast precursor cells were grown in coculture with osteoblasts, indicating a possible role of the RANK/RANKL/OPG system. COX-2 and PGE2 stimulated osteoclastogenesis through inhibition of OPG secretion, stimulation of RANKL production by osteoblasts, and up-regulation of RANK expression in osteoclasts. PGE2 stimulated IL-6 secretion by bone cells, whereas COX-2 inhibitors decreased this same parameter. IL-6, in turn, increased PGE2 secretion, COX-2, and EP receptor subtype expression in bone cells. Finally, IL-6 was the mediator of PGE2-induced suppression of OPG production by osteoblasts. These findings provide evidence for cross-talk between the PGE2 and IL-6 signaling enhance osteoclast differentiation via effects on the OPG/RANKL/RANK system in bone cells.
HIV Envelope gp120-mediated Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis via Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand (RANKL) Secretion and Its Modulation by Certain HIV Protease Inhibitors through Interferon-γ/RANKL Cross-talk
