The role of drift in the formation of native-speaker southern hemisphere Englishes

Diachronica ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Trudgill ◽  
Elizabeth Gordon ◽  
Gillian Lewis ◽  
Margaret Maclagan

SUMMARY Similarities between different geographically separated varieties of a single language may in some cases be due not to characteristics inherited directly from some parent variety, nor to any diffusion or direct contact between them, but to processes of the type which Sapir labelled ‘drift’. We argue that there are clear examples of drift phenomena in modern English and that it is possible in the case of recently formed colonial Englishes to confirm that drift occurs, and to produce contemporary illustrations of how it operates. Sapir’s argument was that language varieties may resemble one another because, having derived from some common source, they continue to evolve linguistically in similar directions by undergoing similar linguistic changes. We amplify Sapir’s approach by showing that drift in our data is of two major types. In the first, linguistic changes that are already in progress in the common source may be continued even after separation. In the second, varieties with a common source inherit shared tendencies or propensities which may lead to the development of similar but new changes and hence similar but new characteristics, even after separation. These propensities lie in that fact that the related varieities inherit the same general structural properties which can interact with one another in a way which involves tensions which are the “seeds” which can bring about parallel changes in the distinct languages. RÉSUMÉ Les similitudes qui existent entre différentes variétés géographiques d’une même langue peuvent dans certains cas être dues non pas à des caractéristiques héritées directement d’une variété parente, ni à une situation de diffusion ou de contact direct entre elles, mais à un type de processus que Sapir appelle ‘drift’. Nous formons l’hypothèse qu’il y a des exemples évidents de drift en anglais moderne et qu’il est possible, pour des variétés d’anglais colonial d’origine récente, de confirmer qu’un drift est en cours et de fournir une illustration contemporaine du phénomène. L’idée de Sapir consistait à envisager que les variétés linguistiques puissent se ressembler l’une l’autre, du fait que — étant issues d’une même source commune — elles continuent à évoluer linguistiquement dans des directions similaires au travers de changements linguistiques semblables. Nous généralisons l’approche de Sapir en montrant que nos données tendent à identifier deux types principaux de drift. Dans le premier cas, les changements linguistiques qui sont déjà en cours dans la langue-source commune peuvent se poursuivre même après séparation. Dans le second cas, des variétés issues d’une source commune héritent de tendances ou d’une propension qui peuvent conduire à l’apparition de changements similaires, bien que nouveaux, et de ce fait à des caractéristiques semblables, quoique nouvelles, ceci même après séparation. Cette propension s’explique du fait que ces variétés apparentées héritent des mêmes propriétés structurelles générales qui vont ensuite interagir les unes avec les autres, donnant lieu à des tensions qui seront le “ferment” potentiel de changements parallèles dans des langues pourtant distinctes. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ähnlichkeiten zwischen geographisch getrennten Dialekten einer selben Sprache können in gewissen Fällen weder mit den Eigenschaften der ursprünglichen Varietät erklärt werden, noch durch Diffusion oder direkten Kontakt zwischen diesen, sondern mit Prozessen welche Sapir als “Drift” bezeichnet hat. Wir argumentieren dass es eindeutige Beispiele von Driftvorgängen im modernen Englisch gibt und dass es möglich ist, diese Prozesse in kolonialen Varietäten der Englischen Sprache nachzuweisen und deren Funktionsweise zu erklären. Sapir glaubte dass Sprachvarietäten Parallelen aufweisen können weil sie ursprünglich von der gleichen Sprache abstammen und sich dementsprechend auf ähnliche Weise linguistisch weiterentwickeln indem sie ähnlich Sprachveränderungen durchgehen. Wir amplifizieren Sapir’s Theorie indem wir zeigen dass es in unseren Daten zwei verschieden Arten von Drift gibt. Zum ersten sprachliche Veränderungen, die schon in der Ursprungsvarietät aktualisiert wurden und die nach der räumlichen Trennung weitergehen. Zum zweiten, Varietäten die von einer gemeinsamen Sprache gewisse Eigenschaften erben welche nach deren Verbreitung zur Entwicklung von ähnlichen aber neuartigen Vorgängen führen. Diese Eigenschaften können damit erklärt werden dass verwandte Varietäten die gleichen strukturellen Charakteristika erben, und diese können unabhängig von anderen Varietäten miteinander agieren. Diese Prozesse sind die Ursache von parallelen Veränderungen in verschiedenen Sprachen.

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-153
Author(s):  
A. A. Shapovalova

The article discusses two works of literature: Troilus and Criseyde, a long poem written in the genre of courtly romance (1382–1386/1387) by G. Chaucer, and ‘The Prophet’ [‘Prorok’] (1826), a poem by A. Pushkin. The two works are compared due to a common motif: the opening of the chest and swapping of the heart as a sign of the person’s spiritual regeneration. In her comparative analysis of the two poems, the author attempts to identify their common source or the likelihood of direct contact — whether Pushkin had come across Chaucer’s work and borrowed the motif directly. As for the heart being replaced, it seems both poets may have been inspired by several biblical stories. Further analysis of the motif of the chest being opened suggests that the research should focus on the Arabic tradition alone and take into account the potential influence of Islamic religious texts on Pushkin as well as Chaucer. Relying on the available data about Russian and European relations with the Arabic world, the article hypothesises about the ways in which the motif in question could have reached each of the poets. The author names the Quran as the common genetic source of the two poems.


2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele A. Zacks ◽  
Jian-Jun Wen ◽  
Galina Vyatkina ◽  
Vandanajay Bhatia ◽  
Nisha Garg

There is growing evidence to suggest that chagasic myocardia are exposed to sustained oxidative stress-induced injuries that may contribute to disease progression. Pathogen invasion- and replication-mediated cellular injuries and immune-mediated cytotoxic reactions are the common source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infectious etiologies. However, our understanding of the source and role of oxidative stress in chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCM) remains incomplete. In this review, we discuss the evidence for increased oxidative stress in chagasic disease, with emphasis on mitochondrial abnormalities, electron transport chain dysfunction and its role in sustaining oxidative stress in myocardium. We discuss the literature reporting the consequences of sustained oxidative stress in CCM pathogenesis.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regev Cohen ◽  
Svetlana Paikin ◽  
Assaf Rokney ◽  
Maxim Rubin-Blum ◽  
Peleg Astrahan

Abstract Background: The environmental role of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) acquisition and infection in human disease has been described but not thoroughly investigated. We aimed to assess the occurrence of CPE in nearshore aquatic bodies.Methods: Enterobacteriaceae were cultured from coastal and estuary water near Netanya, Israel in June and July of 2018. Bacteria were identified by VITEK2® and their antimicrobial susceptibility was tested according to the CLSI guidelines. Enterobacteriaceae genomes were sequenced to elucidate their resistome and carbapenemase types. Results: Among other clinically relevant bacteria, four CPE (three Enterobacter spp and one Escherichia coli isolate) were isolated from two river estuaries (Poleg and Alexander Rivers) and coastal water at a popular recreational beach (Beit Yanai). Molecular analysis and genome sequencing revealed the persistent presence of rare beta-lactamase resistance genes, including blaIMI-2 and a previously unknown blaIMI-20 allele, which were not found among the local epidemiological strains. Genome comparisons revealed the high identity of riverine and marine CPE that were cultivated one month apart. Conclusions: We show that CPE contamination was widespread in nearshore marine and riverine habitats. The high genome-level similarity of riverine and marine CPEs, isolated one month apart, hints at the common source of infection We discuss the clinical implications of these findings and stress the urgent need to assess the role of the aquatic environment in CPE epidemiology.


Neofilolog ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Szymankiewicz ◽  
Radosław Kucharczyk

Modern language policy in Europe has put forward the concept of multilingualism,and with this plurilingual competence. The definitions of both phenomenacan be found in numerous documents of the Council of Europe, especiallyin the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.The authors of this document describe multilingual communication in somedetail, where the native speaker user is beyond the scale. A lot of attention iscurrently being given to issues of multilingualism in education, with numerousarticles, suggestions for teaching activities and tools to develop related skills.This article raises the question of the preparation of future teachers of languageswhich will be taught as the second foreign language (L3) and how plurilingualcompetence can be developed in the classroom. The study, conductedamong students of Romance languages answers the following questions.Are students, who are future L3 language teachers, adequately preparedto develop plurilingual competence in their students? Do they have theappropriate knowledge and practical skills to do this? What are their beliefsregarding the role of different languages when teaching the L3 target language?


Author(s):  
Regev Cohen ◽  
Svetlana Paikin ◽  
Assaf Rokney ◽  
Maxim Rubin-Blum ◽  
Peleg Astrahan

Abstract Background The environmental role of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) acquisition and infection in human disease has been described but not thoroughly investigated. We aimed to assess the occurrence of CPE in nearshore aquatic bodies. Methods Enterobacteriaceae were cultured from coastal and estuary water near Netanya, Israel in June and July of 2018. Bacteria were identified by VITEK2® and their antimicrobial susceptibility was tested according to the CLSI guidelines. Enterobacteriaceae genomes were sequenced to elucidate their resistome and carbapenemase types. Results Among other clinically relevant bacteria, four CPE (three Enterobacter spp and one Escherichia coli isolate) were isolated from two river estuaries (Poleg and Alexander Rivers) and coastal water at a popular recreational beach (Beit Yanai). Molecular analysis and genome sequencing revealed the persistent presence of rare beta-lactamase resistance genes, including blaIMI-2 and a previously unknown blaIMI-20 allele, which were not found among the local epidemiological strains. Genome comparisons revealed the high identity of riverine and marine CPE that were cultivated one month apart. Conclusions We show that CPE contamination was widespread in nearshore marine and riverine habitats. The high genome-level similarity of riverine and marine CPEs, isolated one month apart, hints at the common source of infection. We discuss the clinical implications of these findings and stress the urgent need to assess the role of the aquatic environment in CPE epidemiology.


2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1927) ◽  
pp. 20200366
Author(s):  
Cody S. Clements ◽  
Andrew S. Burns ◽  
Frank J. Stewart ◽  
Mark E. Hay

A number of tropical reefs have transitioned from coral to macroalgal dominance, but the role of macroalgal competition in coral decline is debated. There is a need to understand the relative roles of direct coral-algal effects versus indirect, microbially mediated effects shaping these interactions, as well as the relevant scales at which interactions operate under natural field, as opposed to laboratory, conditions. We conducted a manipulative field experiment investigating how direct contact versus close proximity (approx. 1.5 cm) with macroalgae ( Galaxaura rugosa , Sargassum polycystum ) impacted the growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and prokaryotic microbiome of the common Indo-Pacific coral Acropora millepora . Both coral growth and photosynthetic efficiency were suppressed when in direct contact with algae or their inert mimics––but not when in close proximity to corals without direct contact. Coral microbiomes were largely unaltered in composition, variability, or diversity regardless of treatment, although a few uncommon taxa differed in abundance among treatments. Negative impacts of macroalgae were contact dependent, accounted for by physical structure alone and had minimal effects on coral microbiomes. The spatial constraints of these interactions have important implications for understanding and predicting benthic community dynamics as reefs degrade.


2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 387-388
Author(s):  
Gaetano Belvedere ◽  
V. V. Pipin ◽  
G. Rüdiger

Extended AbstractRecent numerical simulations lead to the result that turbulence is much more magnetically driven than believed. In particular the role ofmagnetic buoyancyappears quite important for the generation ofα-effect and angular momentum transport (Brandenburg & Schmitt 1998). We present results obtained for a turbulence field driven by a (given) Lorentz force in a non-stratified but rotating convection zone. The main result confirms the numerical findings of Brandenburg & Schmitt that in the northern hemisphere theα-effect and the kinetic helicityℋkin= 〈u′ · rotu′〉 are positive (and negative in the northern hemisphere), this being just opposite to what occurs for the current helicityℋcurr= 〈j′ ·B′〉, which is negative in the northern hemisphere (and positive in the southern hemisphere). There has been an increasing number of papers presenting observations of current helicity at the solar surface, all showing that it isnegativein the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern hemisphere (see Rüdigeret al. 2000, also for a review).


2017 ◽  
pp. 98-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tirole

In the fourth chapter of the book “The economy of the common good”, the nature of economics as a science and research practices in their theoretical and empirical aspects are discussed. The author considers the processes of modeling, empirical verification of models and evaluation of research quality. In addition, the features of economic cognition and the role of mathematics in economic research are analyzed, including the example of relevant research in game theory and information theory.


2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-240
Author(s):  
Eran Laish

This article focuses on the main contemplative principles of the ‘Heart Essence’ (sNying thig), a Tibetan Buddhist tradition that is characterized by a vision of non-duality and primordial wholeness. Due to this vision, which asserts an original reality that is not divided into perceiving subject and perceived object, the ‘Heart Essence’ advocates a contemplative practice that undermines the usual intuitions of temporality and enclosed selfhood. Hence, unlike the common principles of intentional praxis, such as deliberate concentration and gradual purification, the ‘Heart Essence’ affirms four contemplative principles of non-objectiveness, openness, spontaneity and singleness. As these principles transcend intentionality, temporality, and multiplicity, they are seen to directly disclose the nature of primordial awareness, in which the meanings of knowing and being are radically transformed. Therefore, the article will also consider the role of these non-dual contemplative principles in deeply changing our understanding of being and knowing alike.


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