scholarly journals Seaweed-coral competition in the field: effects on coral growth, photosynthesis and microbiomes require direct contact

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1927) ◽  
pp. 20200366
Author(s):  
Cody S. Clements ◽  
Andrew S. Burns ◽  
Frank J. Stewart ◽  
Mark E. Hay

A number of tropical reefs have transitioned from coral to macroalgal dominance, but the role of macroalgal competition in coral decline is debated. There is a need to understand the relative roles of direct coral-algal effects versus indirect, microbially mediated effects shaping these interactions, as well as the relevant scales at which interactions operate under natural field, as opposed to laboratory, conditions. We conducted a manipulative field experiment investigating how direct contact versus close proximity (approx. 1.5 cm) with macroalgae ( Galaxaura rugosa , Sargassum polycystum ) impacted the growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and prokaryotic microbiome of the common Indo-Pacific coral Acropora millepora . Both coral growth and photosynthetic efficiency were suppressed when in direct contact with algae or their inert mimics––but not when in close proximity to corals without direct contact. Coral microbiomes were largely unaltered in composition, variability, or diversity regardless of treatment, although a few uncommon taxa differed in abundance among treatments. Negative impacts of macroalgae were contact dependent, accounted for by physical structure alone and had minimal effects on coral microbiomes. The spatial constraints of these interactions have important implications for understanding and predicting benthic community dynamics as reefs degrade.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-302
Author(s):  
Yuniar Mulyani ◽  
Karimah Syakirotin ◽  
Kiki Haetami ◽  
Yeni Mulyani ◽  
Evi Liviawaty ◽  
...  

The use of bacteria as a biological control agent in aquaculture is such new hope overcoming the negative impacts of the impropriate use of antibiotics. Bacillus is widely known as a potential probiotic for aquaculture, especially which are derived from aquatic biota. Due to a concern that the role of Bacillus as a probiotic agent will be disrupted by residues of antibiotics in the water, this research aimed to identify Bacillus species from common carp intestine based on the molecular method and investigate their resistance to some com-mercial antibiotics that widely used in aquaculture. Chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and metronidazole were used to determine the Bacillus resistance to antibiotics using the Kirby Bauer method. The resistance assay was carried out with a bacterial density of 108 CFU/mL. The results showed that Bacillus isolates derived from common carp  intestine were closely related and resistant to antibiotics. Isolates that resistant to the three types of antibiotics were Cc.1.9 (CgN9) and Cc.2.18 (CgM18).


Diachronica ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Trudgill ◽  
Elizabeth Gordon ◽  
Gillian Lewis ◽  
Margaret Maclagan

SUMMARY Similarities between different geographically separated varieties of a single language may in some cases be due not to characteristics inherited directly from some parent variety, nor to any diffusion or direct contact between them, but to processes of the type which Sapir labelled ‘drift’. We argue that there are clear examples of drift phenomena in modern English and that it is possible in the case of recently formed colonial Englishes to confirm that drift occurs, and to produce contemporary illustrations of how it operates. Sapir’s argument was that language varieties may resemble one another because, having derived from some common source, they continue to evolve linguistically in similar directions by undergoing similar linguistic changes. We amplify Sapir’s approach by showing that drift in our data is of two major types. In the first, linguistic changes that are already in progress in the common source may be continued even after separation. In the second, varieties with a common source inherit shared tendencies or propensities which may lead to the development of similar but new changes and hence similar but new characteristics, even after separation. These propensities lie in that fact that the related varieities inherit the same general structural properties which can interact with one another in a way which involves tensions which are the “seeds” which can bring about parallel changes in the distinct languages. RÉSUMÉ Les similitudes qui existent entre différentes variétés géographiques d’une même langue peuvent dans certains cas être dues non pas à des caractéristiques héritées directement d’une variété parente, ni à une situation de diffusion ou de contact direct entre elles, mais à un type de processus que Sapir appelle ‘drift’. Nous formons l’hypothèse qu’il y a des exemples évidents de drift en anglais moderne et qu’il est possible, pour des variétés d’anglais colonial d’origine récente, de confirmer qu’un drift est en cours et de fournir une illustration contemporaine du phénomène. L’idée de Sapir consistait à envisager que les variétés linguistiques puissent se ressembler l’une l’autre, du fait que — étant issues d’une même source commune — elles continuent à évoluer linguistiquement dans des directions similaires au travers de changements linguistiques semblables. Nous généralisons l’approche de Sapir en montrant que nos données tendent à identifier deux types principaux de drift. Dans le premier cas, les changements linguistiques qui sont déjà en cours dans la langue-source commune peuvent se poursuivre même après séparation. Dans le second cas, des variétés issues d’une source commune héritent de tendances ou d’une propension qui peuvent conduire à l’apparition de changements similaires, bien que nouveaux, et de ce fait à des caractéristiques semblables, quoique nouvelles, ceci même après séparation. Cette propension s’explique du fait que ces variétés apparentées héritent des mêmes propriétés structurelles générales qui vont ensuite interagir les unes avec les autres, donnant lieu à des tensions qui seront le “ferment” potentiel de changements parallèles dans des langues pourtant distinctes. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ähnlichkeiten zwischen geographisch getrennten Dialekten einer selben Sprache können in gewissen Fällen weder mit den Eigenschaften der ursprünglichen Varietät erklärt werden, noch durch Diffusion oder direkten Kontakt zwischen diesen, sondern mit Prozessen welche Sapir als “Drift” bezeichnet hat. Wir argumentieren dass es eindeutige Beispiele von Driftvorgängen im modernen Englisch gibt und dass es möglich ist, diese Prozesse in kolonialen Varietäten der Englischen Sprache nachzuweisen und deren Funktionsweise zu erklären. Sapir glaubte dass Sprachvarietäten Parallelen aufweisen können weil sie ursprünglich von der gleichen Sprache abstammen und sich dementsprechend auf ähnliche Weise linguistisch weiterentwickeln indem sie ähnlich Sprachveränderungen durchgehen. Wir amplifizieren Sapir’s Theorie indem wir zeigen dass es in unseren Daten zwei verschieden Arten von Drift gibt. Zum ersten sprachliche Veränderungen, die schon in der Ursprungsvarietät aktualisiert wurden und die nach der räumlichen Trennung weitergehen. Zum zweiten, Varietäten die von einer gemeinsamen Sprache gewisse Eigenschaften erben welche nach deren Verbreitung zur Entwicklung von ähnlichen aber neuartigen Vorgängen führen. Diese Eigenschaften können damit erklärt werden dass verwandte Varietäten die gleichen strukturellen Charakteristika erben, und diese können unabhängig von anderen Varietäten miteinander agieren. Diese Prozesse sind die Ursache von parallelen Veränderungen in verschiedenen Sprachen.


Author(s):  
Christian O. Erbe

Electrosurgery is a widely used modality for separation of tissue plains, achievement of hemostasis and devitalization of pathologic tissue structures. Although this technology has been used in almost every operating room in the world for many many decades, it still is recognized by leading clinical organizations as potentially the most dangerous device during surgery (1). In addition to technical problems, human error is recognized to be an important factor in those unfavorable outcomes, especially as during medical procedures electrosurgical systems are in close proximity to the physician - patient interface and physically in direct contact with both.


2017 ◽  
pp. 98-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tirole

In the fourth chapter of the book “The economy of the common good”, the nature of economics as a science and research practices in their theoretical and empirical aspects are discussed. The author considers the processes of modeling, empirical verification of models and evaluation of research quality. In addition, the features of economic cognition and the role of mathematics in economic research are analyzed, including the example of relevant research in game theory and information theory.


2020 ◽  
Vol 637 ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sullivan-Stack ◽  
BA Menge

Top predator decline has been ubiquitous across systems over the past decades and centuries, and predicting changes in resultant community dynamics is a major challenge for ecologists and managers. Ecological release predicts that loss of a limiting factor, such as a dominant competitor or predator, can release a species from control, thus allowing increases in its size, density, and/or distribution. The 2014 sea star wasting syndrome (SSWS) outbreak decimated populations of the keystone predator Pisaster ochraceus along the Oregon coast, USA. This event provided an opportunity to test the predictions of ecological release across a broad spatial scale and determine the role of competitive dynamics in top predator recovery. We hypothesized that after P. ochraceus loss, populations of the subordinate sea star Leptasterias sp. would grow larger, more abundant, and move downshore. We based these predictions on prior research in Washington State showing that Leptasterias sp. competed with P. ochraceus for food. Further, we predicted that ecological release of Leptasterias sp. could provide a bottleneck to P. ochraceus recovery. Using field surveys, we found no clear change in density or distribution in Leptasterias sp. populations post-SSWS, and decreases in body size. In a field experiment, we found no evidence of competition between similar-sized Leptasterias sp. and P. ochraceus. Thus, the mechanisms underlying our predictions were not in effect along the Oregon coast, which we attribute to differences in habitat overlap and food availability between the 2 regions. Our results suggest that response to the loss of a dominant competitor can be unpredictable even when based in theory and previous research.


2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-240
Author(s):  
Eran Laish

This article focuses on the main contemplative principles of the ‘Heart Essence’ (sNying thig), a Tibetan Buddhist tradition that is characterized by a vision of non-duality and primordial wholeness. Due to this vision, which asserts an original reality that is not divided into perceiving subject and perceived object, the ‘Heart Essence’ advocates a contemplative practice that undermines the usual intuitions of temporality and enclosed selfhood. Hence, unlike the common principles of intentional praxis, such as deliberate concentration and gradual purification, the ‘Heart Essence’ affirms four contemplative principles of non-objectiveness, openness, spontaneity and singleness. As these principles transcend intentionality, temporality, and multiplicity, they are seen to directly disclose the nature of primordial awareness, in which the meanings of knowing and being are radically transformed. Therefore, the article will also consider the role of these non-dual contemplative principles in deeply changing our understanding of being and knowing alike.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
David Ramiro Troitino ◽  
Tanel Kerikmae ◽  
Olga Shumilo

This article highlights the role of Charles de Gaulle in the history of united post-war Europe, his approaches to the internal and foreign French policies, also vetoing the membership of the United Kingdom in the European Community. The authors describe the emergence of De Gaulle as a politician, his uneasy relationship with Roosevelt and Churchill during World War II, also the roots of developing a “nationalistic” approach to regional policy after the end of the war. The article also considers the emergence of the Common Agricultural Policy (hereinafter - CAP), one of Charles de Gaulle’s biggest achievements in foreign policy, and the reasons for the Fouchet Plan defeat.


2019 ◽  
pp. 512-519
Author(s):  
Teymur Dzhalilov ◽  
Nikita Pivovarov

The published document is a part of the working record of The Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee on May 5, 1969. The employees of The Common Department of the CPSU Central Committee started writing such working records from the end of 1965. In contrast to the protocols, the working notes include speeches of the secretaries of the Central Committee, that allow to deeper analyze the reactions of the top party leadership, to understand their position regarding the political agenda. The peculiarity of the published document is that the Secretariat of the Central Committee did not deal with the most important foreign policy issues. It was the responsibility of the Politburo. However, it was at a meeting of the Secretariat of the Central Committee when Brezhnev raised the question of inviting G. Husák to Moscow. The latter replaced A. Dubček as the first Secretary of the Communist party of Czechoslovakia in April 1969. As follows from the document, Leonid Brezhnev tried to solve this issue at a meeting of the Politburo, but failed. However, even at the Secretariat of the Central Committee the Leonid Brezhnev’s initiative at the invitation of G. Husák was not supported. The published document reveals to us not only new facets in the mechanisms of decision-making in the CPSU Central Committee, the role of the Secretary General in this process, but also reflects the acute discussions within the Soviet government about the future of the world socialist systems.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Grossmann ◽  
Nic M. Weststrate ◽  
Monika Ardelt ◽  
Justin Peter Brienza ◽  
Mengxi Dong ◽  
...  

Interest in wisdom in the cognitive sciences, psychology, and education has been paralleled by conceptual confusions about its nature and assessment. To clarify these issues and promote consensus in the field, wisdom researchers met in Toronto in July of 2019, resolving disputes through discussion. Guided by a survey of scientists who study wisdom-related constructs, we established a common wisdom model, observing that empirical approaches to wisdom converge on the morally-grounded application of metacognition to reasoning and problem-solving. After outlining the function of relevant metacognitive and moral processes, we critically evaluate existing empirical approaches to measurement and offer recommendations for best practices. In the subsequent sections, we use the common wisdom model to selectively review evidence about the role of individual differences for development and manifestation of wisdom, approaches to wisdom development and training, as well as cultural, subcultural, and social-contextual differences. We conclude by discussing wisdom’s conceptual overlap with a host of other constructs and outline unresolved conceptual and methodological challenges.


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