No, I’m not… Chaucer? The Arabic motif in Troilus and Criseyde and Pushkin’s ‘The Prophet’ [‘Prorok’]

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-153
Author(s):  
A. A. Shapovalova

The article discusses two works of literature: Troilus and Criseyde, a long poem written in the genre of courtly romance (1382–1386/1387) by G. Chaucer, and ‘The Prophet’ [‘Prorok’] (1826), a poem by A. Pushkin. The two works are compared due to a common motif: the opening of the chest and swapping of the heart as a sign of the person’s spiritual regeneration. In her comparative analysis of the two poems, the author attempts to identify their common source or the likelihood of direct contact — whether Pushkin had come across Chaucer’s work and borrowed the motif directly. As for the heart being replaced, it seems both poets may have been inspired by several biblical stories. Further analysis of the motif of the chest being opened suggests that the research should focus on the Arabic tradition alone and take into account the potential influence of Islamic religious texts on Pushkin as well as Chaucer. Relying on the available data about Russian and European relations with the Arabic world, the article hypothesises about the ways in which the motif in question could have reached each of the poets. The author names the Quran as the common genetic source of the two poems.

Diachronica ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Trudgill ◽  
Elizabeth Gordon ◽  
Gillian Lewis ◽  
Margaret Maclagan

SUMMARY Similarities between different geographically separated varieties of a single language may in some cases be due not to characteristics inherited directly from some parent variety, nor to any diffusion or direct contact between them, but to processes of the type which Sapir labelled ‘drift’. We argue that there are clear examples of drift phenomena in modern English and that it is possible in the case of recently formed colonial Englishes to confirm that drift occurs, and to produce contemporary illustrations of how it operates. Sapir’s argument was that language varieties may resemble one another because, having derived from some common source, they continue to evolve linguistically in similar directions by undergoing similar linguistic changes. We amplify Sapir’s approach by showing that drift in our data is of two major types. In the first, linguistic changes that are already in progress in the common source may be continued even after separation. In the second, varieties with a common source inherit shared tendencies or propensities which may lead to the development of similar but new changes and hence similar but new characteristics, even after separation. These propensities lie in that fact that the related varieities inherit the same general structural properties which can interact with one another in a way which involves tensions which are the “seeds” which can bring about parallel changes in the distinct languages. RÉSUMÉ Les similitudes qui existent entre différentes variétés géographiques d’une même langue peuvent dans certains cas être dues non pas à des caractéristiques héritées directement d’une variété parente, ni à une situation de diffusion ou de contact direct entre elles, mais à un type de processus que Sapir appelle ‘drift’. Nous formons l’hypothèse qu’il y a des exemples évidents de drift en anglais moderne et qu’il est possible, pour des variétés d’anglais colonial d’origine récente, de confirmer qu’un drift est en cours et de fournir une illustration contemporaine du phénomène. L’idée de Sapir consistait à envisager que les variétés linguistiques puissent se ressembler l’une l’autre, du fait que — étant issues d’une même source commune — elles continuent à évoluer linguistiquement dans des directions similaires au travers de changements linguistiques semblables. Nous généralisons l’approche de Sapir en montrant que nos données tendent à identifier deux types principaux de drift. Dans le premier cas, les changements linguistiques qui sont déjà en cours dans la langue-source commune peuvent se poursuivre même après séparation. Dans le second cas, des variétés issues d’une source commune héritent de tendances ou d’une propension qui peuvent conduire à l’apparition de changements similaires, bien que nouveaux, et de ce fait à des caractéristiques semblables, quoique nouvelles, ceci même après séparation. Cette propension s’explique du fait que ces variétés apparentées héritent des mêmes propriétés structurelles générales qui vont ensuite interagir les unes avec les autres, donnant lieu à des tensions qui seront le “ferment” potentiel de changements parallèles dans des langues pourtant distinctes. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ähnlichkeiten zwischen geographisch getrennten Dialekten einer selben Sprache können in gewissen Fällen weder mit den Eigenschaften der ursprünglichen Varietät erklärt werden, noch durch Diffusion oder direkten Kontakt zwischen diesen, sondern mit Prozessen welche Sapir als “Drift” bezeichnet hat. Wir argumentieren dass es eindeutige Beispiele von Driftvorgängen im modernen Englisch gibt und dass es möglich ist, diese Prozesse in kolonialen Varietäten der Englischen Sprache nachzuweisen und deren Funktionsweise zu erklären. Sapir glaubte dass Sprachvarietäten Parallelen aufweisen können weil sie ursprünglich von der gleichen Sprache abstammen und sich dementsprechend auf ähnliche Weise linguistisch weiterentwickeln indem sie ähnlich Sprachveränderungen durchgehen. Wir amplifizieren Sapir’s Theorie indem wir zeigen dass es in unseren Daten zwei verschieden Arten von Drift gibt. Zum ersten sprachliche Veränderungen, die schon in der Ursprungsvarietät aktualisiert wurden und die nach der räumlichen Trennung weitergehen. Zum zweiten, Varietäten die von einer gemeinsamen Sprache gewisse Eigenschaften erben welche nach deren Verbreitung zur Entwicklung von ähnlichen aber neuartigen Vorgängen führen. Diese Eigenschaften können damit erklärt werden dass verwandte Varietäten die gleichen strukturellen Charakteristika erben, und diese können unabhängig von anderen Varietäten miteinander agieren. Diese Prozesse sind die Ursache von parallelen Veränderungen in verschiedenen Sprachen.


2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Hallum

One can argue that religious beliefs have more influence for changing societal behavior than does scientific knowledge. Thus, the rediscovery of ecological themes in a variety of religious texts (ecotheology) can be a step toward environmental activism and conservation behavior, where science alone has been relatively ineffective. The article presents this argument, reviewing relevant literature. Next, the article tests this argument for the potential influence of religion in promoting environmentalism through a comparative case study of three Guatemalan villages: one in which religious traditions are quickly disintegrating because the population was forced to move; one in which religious traditions remain largely intact; and one in which Guatemalans, Europeans, and North Americans practice environmental preservation in a pluralistic religious setting. Shared values and the common religious theme of caring for creation can be a motin


Author(s):  
Qing He ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Tiantian Su ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Lichuan Gu ◽  
...  

VqsR is a quorum-sensing (QS) transcriptional regulator which controls QS systems (las,rhlandpqs) by directly downregulating the expression ofqscRinPseudomonas aeruginosa. As a member of the LuxR family of proteins, VqsR shares the common motif of a helix–turn–helix (HTH)-type DNA-binding domain at the C-terminus, while the function of its N-terminal domain remains obscure. Here, the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of VqsR (VqsR-N; residues 1–193) was determined at a resolution of 2.1 Å. The structure is folded into a regular α–β–α sandwich topology, which is similar to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the LuxR-type QS receptors. Although their sequence similarity is very low, structural comparison reveals that VqsR-N has a conserved enclosed cavity which could recognize acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) as in other LuxR-type AHL receptors. The structure suggests that VqsR could be a potential AHL receptor.


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Nikolay Valeryevich Belenov

This article attempts to localize the fortresses of the Volga Bulgars (first of all, fortresses Marj and Tehshu) known from medieval authors reportedly Najib Hamadani and Ahmed at-Tusi. In the course of solving this problem the question of these authors data reliability is raised, as well as the common source of this information borrowing. There is a good reason to see this in the source known among the Arab-Persian historical and geographical medieval manuscripts as Rizal by Ahmed ibn Fadlan, the Secretary of Abbasid embassy to the Volga Bulgars Elteber Almush, who visited the Volga in 922. This fact explains the absence of Bulgarian cities known from other sources in the given lists as well as the question of uniqueness of Hamadani and at-Tusis information. On the basis of the sources synthesis, place-and folklore studies, the article proposes some options for localization of some of these forts and etymology options of Bulgarian oikonyms mentioned in the papers by the considered authors. The author proves the importance of place names data at the present stage of Bulgar study research, especially of Volga Bulgaria historical geography as well as further studies are planned.


Author(s):  
А.А. Борзов

Учение представителя раннего итальянского гуманизма, выдающегося философа и правоведа, Марсилия Падуанского [1270(80) – 1342(43)] о государстве актуализирует платоновские политико-правовые идеалы. Мысль Платона о сущностном единстве человека и государства, формируемом общим источником их добродетели – идеей справедливости, составляет теоретическое основание гуманизма падуанца, его философско-правового учения о совокупной воле людей как источнике государственного суверенитета. The teaching of the representative of early Italian humanism, an outstanding philosopher and lawyer, Marsil of Padua [1270 (80) - 1342 (43)] about the state actualizes Plato's political and legal ideals. Plato's thought about the essential unity of man and the state, formed by the common source of their virtue - the idea of ​​justice, constitutes the theoretical basis of Padua's humanism, his philosophical and legal doctrine of the collective will of people as a source of state sovereignty.


2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele A. Zacks ◽  
Jian-Jun Wen ◽  
Galina Vyatkina ◽  
Vandanajay Bhatia ◽  
Nisha Garg

There is growing evidence to suggest that chagasic myocardia are exposed to sustained oxidative stress-induced injuries that may contribute to disease progression. Pathogen invasion- and replication-mediated cellular injuries and immune-mediated cytotoxic reactions are the common source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infectious etiologies. However, our understanding of the source and role of oxidative stress in chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCM) remains incomplete. In this review, we discuss the evidence for increased oxidative stress in chagasic disease, with emphasis on mitochondrial abnormalities, electron transport chain dysfunction and its role in sustaining oxidative stress in myocardium. We discuss the literature reporting the consequences of sustained oxidative stress in CCM pathogenesis.


2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-101
Author(s):  
Hideki Kishimoto

Abstract In Japanese, the verbal negative marker nai appears in both negated verbs (as a sentential negator) and compound negative adjectives (as an affix). Negative nai used as a sentential negator is a syntactically independent word devoid of adjectival properties despite its adjectival inflection, whereas negative nai appearing in negative adjectives is a derivational affix. On the basis of idiomatic expressions, the present article argues that the lexical word nai ‘null, empty’ has developed into the affix nai while retaining its lexical properties via morphologization. On the other hand, the functional negator nai is argued to have emerged from the same lexical word nai via decategorialization, which induces a shift from a lexical to a functional category. The analysis taking the two uses of nai to trace back to the common source of the lexical negative adjective word nai provides a natural account for why nai has these two totally different uses.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S344-S344
Author(s):  
Leighanne Olivia Parkes ◽  
Kevin Barker ◽  
Susan M Poutanen ◽  
Jennifer M Grant ◽  
Michael Libman ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Medicinal leeches are used primarily in plastic and reconstructive surgery when venous congestion threatens tissue viability. The associated infection risk ranges from 4.1 to 20%. Prophylactic antimicrobials such as fluoroquinolones (FQ) or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) are recommended and target commonly isolated pathogen and gut symbiont, Aeromonas. However, resistance to these agents has been reported and detected in leeches, including at hospital systems across Canada that acquire their stock from the same supplier. Our objective was to describe the local epidemiology of leech-related Aeromonas resistant to one or more commonly used prophylactic agents, and determine if such resistance originates from the common supplier. Methods Six hospital systems across Canada using leech therapy, purchased from the same supplier, were surveyed. A 5-year retrospective review of all antimicrobial resistant leech-related Aeromonas, derived from clinical, leech, and tank fluid specimens was performed. All Aeromonas resistant to either FQ or SXT were included, and retained frozen isolates from each system were analysed by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using a published Aeromonas protocol. Results All six hospital systems reported leech-related Aeromonas resistant to one or more antimicrobials, totalling 15 isolates. Three systems only reported data from the last year. Four systems used FQ and two used SXT as prophylaxis. Fifteen of 15 were either FQ resistant or intermediate, and four of 15 were SXT resistant. Three of 10 isolates tested for ceftriaxone (CRO) susceptibility were resistant. Five of 15 of the isolates were resistant to two or more agents. Of the two leech quality control isolates, 2/2 were FQ resistant and 1/2 was FQ, SXT and CRO resistant. Only three isolates, each from a different, geographically distinct hospital system, had been retained. PFGE analysis indicated 2/3 are closely related (Figure 1). Conclusion Our preliminary investigation suggests that the presence of FQ and SXT resistance in leech-related Aeromonas might be more common than previously suspected, and that such resistance might originate from a common source. A broader study of the molecular epidemiology of leech-related Aeromonas is warranted. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


1909 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-309
Author(s):  
Benjamin Wisner Bacon

No passage of the Synoptic Gospels throws so much light upon Jesus’ sense of his own mission as that which deals with Knowing the Father and Being Known of Him in Mt. 11 25-27, Lk. 10 21-22. It belongs to the common element of Matthew and Luke unknown in Mark, and in the judgment of the great majority of critics must therefore be referred to a common source of high antiquity. In short, as respects attestation, its claims to authenticity are unexcelled. As respects content, it deals with the all-important matter of Jesus’ doctrine of divine sonship, and yet it seems to stand alone among Synoptic sayings, and to be paralleled only by utterances ascribed to Jesus by the fourth evangelist. But the Johannine discourses give every indication of having been composed by the evangelist himself in order to expound in dialogue form his own deutero-pauline Christology. The only instance in all Synoptic tradition of anything comparable to this apposition of “the Son…the Father,” is Mk. 13 32, Mt. 24 36.Of that day or that hour knoweth no one, not even the angels in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father.


1978 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 116-117
Author(s):  
Hugh Plommer

Some reviewers of my little book, Vitruvius and later Roman building manuals (VLMB), express the wish that I had produced my own text of the Treatise De Diversis Fabricis Architectonicae, which can now be assigned to Marcus Cetius Faventinus, instead of just reprinting the text given by Valentin Rose in his Editio Major of Vitruvius (Leipzig 1867).On the whole, I agree with them; and having learnt about the texts of Vitruvius and Faventinus, I feel I can briefly list the handful of alterations that I would now make in the latter. The list is so short, that perhaps it could be pasted on an endpaper of my booklet.Since 1867, as I noted, the only direct addition to our knowledge of the little treatise has come from the manuscript S, discovered at Schlettstadt in Alsace in 1871 and now put in its proper place among Vitruvian manuscripts as a fairly late copy of the text that served also as the archetype for H and for the common source (also vanished) of E and G. S not only gives us the name of the author – the only known manuscript to do so – but also the only uncial text down to a point in the thirteenth chapter corresponding to p.298, line 19 of Rose. All the manuscripts of Faventinus known to Rose in 1867 were, by contrast, in minuscule.


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