Towards a redefinition of the role of the court interpreter

Interpreting ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Mikkelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
State Statutes

Various federal and state statutes in the United States define the role of the court interpreter with clear and unequivocal rules. This definition is based on the underlying principles of the U.S. legal system, which is derived from the Anglo-Saxon common-law tradition. Consequently, the distinctive features of that system, including the jury trial and the concept of adversarial proceedings, make the function of the court interpreter quite different from that of his/her counterparts in other countries. In recent years, the judiciary has made an effort to enhance the public's access to the justice system, but at the same time, the latest wave of immigration comprises individuals from societies in which cultural norms differ greatly from those of the United States. Moreover, many of these immigrants have received little or no formal education. As a result, judiciary interpreters feel somewhat constrained by the rules that govern their profession when they strive to bridge the cultural and linguistic gap. This paper reexamines the function of the court interpreter in light of these circumstances and an analysis of prevailing practices in other countries, and proposes a new approach to the interpreter's role.

scholarly journals System Re-engineering: A New Policy Framework for the American R&D System in a Changed World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Flagg ◽  
Paul Harris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Current System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The U.S ◽  
New Framework

The United States must adopt a new approach to R&D policy to optimize the diversity of the current system, manage the risks of system dispersion and deliver the benefits of R&D to society. This policy brief provides a new framework for understanding the U.S. R&D ecosystem and recommendations for repositioning the role of the federal government in R&D.

Business as Usual: Heroin Distribution in the United States

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. McBride
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
Reduced Risk

This article criticizes the predominant analysis of heroin use as a social aberration and argues instead that the normal structure and functioning of U.S. capitalism generate both the market for the drug and the industry which supplies it. The structure of the distribution industry is much like those for comparable legal goods, but with distinctive features which provide reduced risk for dealers and long term stability for the industry as a whole. The expansionary dynamic of the industry and the key role of syndicates in it are analyzed. The heroin industry is deeply integrated into the economy, and far-reaching social and economic change will be necessary if heroin use is to be significantly reduced.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Geoffrey B. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
International Context ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Rich

This introductory chapter provides some insights into the violence of 1965–66 against members of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and builds on the rich body of existing work by Indonesian scholars. From here, the chapter suggests a new approach that addresses many of the issues surrounding genocide—and accounts for the variations and particularities of the Indonesian case—while also making possible its comparison to other instances of mass killing and detention. That approach entails three broad claims. The first is that the violence of 1965 cannot be properly understood without recognizing the pivotal role of the army leadership in provoking, facilitating, and organizing it. The second principal claim is that the actions of powerful foreign states—especially the United States and the United Kingdom—together with aspects of the international context were instrumental in facilitating and encouraging the army's campaign of mass violence in 1965–66. Lastly, the chapter highlights the role of historical conditions and antecedents in understanding the dynamics of the mass violence of 1965–66.

The Role of Gender and Sensation Seeking in Film Choice

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita C. Banerjee ◽  
Kathryn Greene ◽  
Marina Krcmar ◽  
Zhanna Bagdasarov ◽  
Dovile Ruginyte
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Happy Mood

This study demonstrates the significance of individual difference factors, particularly gender and sensation seeking, in predicting media choice (examined through hypothetical descriptions of films that participants anticipated they would view). This study used a 2 (Positive mood/negative mood) × 2 (High arousal/low arousal) within-subject design with 544 undergraduate students recruited from a large northeastern university in the United States. Results showed that happy films and high arousal films were preferred over sad films and low-arousal films, respectively. In terms of gender differences, female viewers reported a greater preference than male viewers for happy-mood films. Also, male viewers reported a greater preference for high-arousal films compared to female viewers, and female viewers reported a greater preference for low-arousal films compared to male viewers. Finally, high sensation seekers reported a preference for high-arousal films. Implications for research design and importance of exploring media characteristics are discussed.

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