Die frühe voraltsächsische und voraltfriesische Runenüberlieferung

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Nedoma
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Old Saxon ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Language History ◽  
Linking Element ◽  
Runic Inscriptions

Abstract This paper deals with two runic inscriptions that are highly relevant to language history. 1. The runic sequences on the three Weser rune bones, which date to the first half of the 5th century, are not entirely clear. However, West Germanic (Pre-Old Saxon) linguistic features such as gemination by j (kunni ‘kin, clan’) and loss of -a < *-az (hari ‘army’) are obvious. By far the most interesting linguistic form is the preterite deda ‘did’ that reflects PGmc. *-dai (cf. PNorse talgi-dai ‘carved’ on the Nøvling fibula) as opposed to PGmc. *-dǣ(d) (PNorse -da, OHG -ta etc.). Apparently, we are dealing with two distinct endings, *-dai deriving from an PIE middle in *-(t)ó(i̯). 2. The legend ska 2 nomodu (a 2 = ᚪ) on a solidus of unknown provenance (ca. 600) renders the dithematic anthroponym Skānɔmōdǝ̣ (or *Skānɵmōdǝ̣), presumably the name of the moneyer. It seems that medial o stands for [ɔ] or [ɵ], an allophonic variant of the linking element /a/ before a labial consonant; parallels can be found in Old Germanic naming. Two linguistic features, viz. ā < WGmc. au and the nominative ending -ǝ̣ < WGmc. -a < PGmc. *-az, indicate that the language of the inscription is Pre-Old Frisian.

Südgermanische Runeninschriften

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-115
Author(s):  
Robert Nedoma
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Language History ◽  
Runic Inscriptions

Abstract This paper deals with three South Germanic runic inscriptions that are highly relevant to language history. 1. The Frienstedt comb, which dates to the second half of the 3rd century A.D., bears four runes kaba = WGmc. ka(m)ba m. ‘comb’. The nominative sg. marker -a < PGmc. *-az represents the oldest attested West Germanic dialect feature (opposite PNorse -az, EGmc. -s). 2. noru on a neckring found near or in Aalen (ca. 500) renders a woman’s byname Nōru ‘the little one’. Final -u is best interpreted as nominative sg. of an ō-stem; it thus reflects the intermediate stage between PGmc. *-ō and Pre-OHG -Ø in later 6th century inscriptions. 3. The inscription on the Wurmlingen spearhead (presumably early 7th century) reads dorih, representing a dithematic name Dōr(r)īχ(χ) m. (< PGmc. *-rīkaz). This is the first example of Second Consonant Shift /k/ > /x(x)/.

scholarly journals Methodological reflections on the emergence of Old Frisian

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjen Versloot
Keyword(s):  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Language Family ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Language History ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Best Fit

The question addressed in this article is whether it is possible to identify the time of the emergence of Frisian from the rest of West Germanic. Some of the criteria used in determining the chronology of Frisian language history are evaluated in terms of their temporal and spatial aspects. Phonological features that appear to differentiate languages from a present-day perspective disappear in a haze of synchronic and diatopic allophonic alternations. Reconstructions of the order of phonological developments often turn out to be best-fit interpretations of changes whose precise character, age and location are hard to determine. Besides, reconstructions of regional distribution are obscured by subsequent migrations and dialect shifts. Consequently, the splits in a language family tree are not bifurcations, but bushes of variation, where only hindsight allows an identification of the chronology and the decisive factors involved.

Why English is not dead: A rejoinder to Emonds and Faarlund

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gjertrud Flermoen Stenbrenden
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Old English ◽  
Old Norse ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Counter Argument

AbstractThis article argues against the claim by Emonds and Faarlund (2014,English: The language of the vikings. Palacký University: Olomouc) that English died out after the Norman Conquest, and was replaced by a North Germanic variety referred to as “Anglicised Norse”, which had been formed in the Danelaw area in a concerted effort by the Norse and Anglo-Saxon populations, presumably to overthrow the ruling French elite. Emonds and Faarlund base their claim on the existence of some 20–25 linguistic features which are said to have been absent from Old English, but which are present in Present-Day English and in Scandinavian languages. This article argues that genetic affiliation cannot be inferred from shared syntactic, morphological or lexical features, which may easily result from independent convergence in historically related languages. The main counter-argument, however, is chronological: the majority of the features adduced are indeed attested in Old English and often in other West Germanic languages also, and hence may not be attributed to Old Norse; nor can features which are not attested in English until late Middle English or early Modern English come from Old Norse. The continuity of English in the written record likewise renders the suggested scenario highly unlikely.

The Germanic Root *heuf- 'lament' and its Reflexes in Old English

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-236
Author(s):  
Alfred Bammesberger
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Old Saxon ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Further Development

Old English heofon (Christ and Satan, 343b) must not be interpreted as preterit in the plural, and therefore the form provides no support for positing a reduplicating verb OE hēafan ‘lament’ (< Gmc. *hauf-). The form heofon represents the infinitive OE hēofan. The Old English evidence fully agrees with a reconstructed root Gmc. *heuf- > OE hēofan. An alternative root Gmc. *hauf- is unsupported and should not be posited. The form hof (Genesis, 771a), a relic of the Old Saxon vorlage, evidences the strong preterit *hauf for West Germanic. The strong verb *heuf-, reliably attested in West Germanic, ultimately died out in the further development of the individual languages.

scholarly journals Linguistic Fingerprints of Internet Censorship: The Case of Sina Weibo

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 446-453
Author(s):  
Kei Yin Ng ◽  
Anna Feldman ◽  
Jing Peng
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Sina Weibo ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Internet Censorship ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Trigger Action

This paper studies how the linguistic components of blogposts collected from Sina Weibo, a Chinese microblogging platform, might affect the blogposts' likelihood of being censored. Our results go along with King et al. (2013)'s Collective Action Potential (CAP) theory, which states that a blogpost's potential of causing riot or assembly in real life is the key determinant of it getting censored. Although there is not a definitive measure of this construct, the linguistic features that we identify as discriminatory go along with the CAP theory. We build a classifier that significantly outperforms non-expert humans in predicting whether a blogpost will be censored. The crowdsourcing results suggest that while humans tend to see censored blogposts as more controversial and more likely to trigger action in real life than the uncensored counterparts, they in general cannot make a better guess than our model when it comes to ‘reading the mind’ of the censors in deciding whether a blogpost should be censored. We do not claim that censorship is only determined by the linguistic features. There are many other factors contributing to censorship decisions. The focus of the present paper is on the linguistic form of blogposts. Our work suggests that it is possible to use linguistic properties of social media posts to automatically predict if they are going to be censored.

scholarly journals MENEROPONG TIPOLOGI BAHASA-BAHASA DI PAPUA: SUATU TINJUAN SINGKAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-143
Author(s):  
Yusuf Willem Sawaki (SCOPUS ID: 18635502400)
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Language History ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Contact Language ◽  
Linguistic Groups ◽  
Bird's Head

Tanah Papua, both the Indonesia provinces of Papua and West Papua, is the most diverse linguistic region that has the highest number of indigenous languages in Indonesia. Out of 760s languages in Indonesia, Tanah Papua has about 270s languages. The diversity of languages are not only about the number of languages but also about the linguistic features. Languages is Tanah Papua are divided into two major groups, which are Austronesian and non-Austronesian (known as Papuan) languages. Both major linguistic groups contribute diverse linguistic features ranging from phonological system, word, phrase, clause and sentence structures, as well as diversity of semantic and pragmatic structures. The linguistic diversity is also determined by a contact language history in the region that has been occurred for centuries, especially in the regions of Jayapura and the Bird’s Head of New Guinea. Although the region is linguistically rich, not many linguistic reseach has been doing in the region. We therefore do not have a comprehensive understanding about languages in Papua yet. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief description about grammatical features of languages in Tanah Papua.

scholarly journals Formal Syntax and Deep History

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ceolin ◽  
Cristina Guardiano ◽  
Monica Alexandrina Irimia ◽  
Giuseppe Longobardi
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Language History ◽  
The Family ◽  
Formal Syntax ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Tree Topologies ◽  
Syntactic Theories

We show that, contrary to long-standing assumptions, syntactic traits, modeled here within the generative biolinguistic framework, provide insights into deep-time language history. To support this claim, we have encoded the diversity of nominal structures using 94 universally definable binary parameters, set in 69 languages spanning across up to 13 traditionally irreducible Eurasian families. We found a phylogenetic signal that distinguishes all such families and matches the family-internal tree topologies that are safely established through classical etymological methods and datasets. We have retrieved “near-perfect” phylogenies, which are essentially immune to homoplastic disruption and only moderately influenced by horizontal convergence, two factors that instead severely affect more externalized linguistic features, like sound inventories. This result allows us to draw some preliminary inferences about plausible/implausible cross-family classifications; it also provides a new source of evidence for testing the representation of diversity in syntactic theories.

scholarly journals Formy celownika, narzędnika i miejscownika liczby mnogiej rzeczowników w Sprawie chędogiej o męce Pana Chrystusowej i w Historyi Trzech Kroli (kodeks Wawrzyńca z Łaska, 1544)

2020 ◽  
Vol LXXVI (76) ◽  
pp. 243-255
Author(s):  
Marek Osiewicz
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Language History ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
Passion Of Christ ◽  
Locative Case

Celem artykułu jest próba ustalenia spójności językowej, a także relacji chronologicznej oraz geograficznej zachodzących między dwoma tekstami wchodzącymi w skład kodeksu Wawrzyńca z Łaska (1544): Sprawą chędogą o męce Pana Chrystusowej i Historyją Trzech Kroli. Przedmiotem analizy są formy celownika, narzędnika i miejscownika liczby mnogiej rzeczowników; uwzględnia ona następujące aspekty rozkładu analizowanych końcówek: frekwencyjny, rodzajowy, tematyczny oraz leksemowy. Z analizy wynika, że badane apokryfy poświadczają stan językowy właściwy tekstom starszym (z przełomu XV i XVI wieku) lub charakterystyczny dla wczesnych druków krakowskich. Pewne cechy językowe poświadczone w apokryfach mają charakter północnopolski; ich nierównomierny rozkład tekstowy może jednak wskazywać na to, że nie pochodzą one od Wawrzyńca z Łaska. Forms of the dative, instrumental and locative case of plural nouns in Sprawa chędoga o męce Pana Chrystusowej and Historyja Trzech Kroli (Wawrzyniec of Łask’s Codex, 1544). Summary: The aim of the article is an attempt to establish linguistic coherence as well as chronological and geographical relation between two texts included in Wawrzyniec of Łask’s Codex (1544): Sprawa chędoga o męce Pana Chrystusowej (A Beautiful Tale of the Passion of Christ) and Historyja Trzech Kroli OSIEWICZ(The Story of the Three Kings). The analysis of plural nouns in the dative, instrumental and locative case includes a discussion of the following aspects of the distribution of the analyzed inflectional suffixes: frequency, gender, thematic and lexical aspects. The analysis shows that the apocrypha confirm the language state typical of older texts (from the turn of the 16th century) or characteristic of early Krakow prints. Certain linguistic features evidenced in the apocrypha are of Northern Polish origin. The uneven text distribution may indicate that the apocrypha do not come from Wawrzyniec of Łask. Keywords: language history, inflection, apocrypha, manuscript, source studies.

scholarly journals Articles in English L1–Persian L2 interlanguage: Transferability or task variation?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Ma'ssoumeh Bemani Naeini
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Task Variation ◽  
Or Task

Aiming at describing variation in second-language acquisition and particularly, addressing the role of linguistic features and tasks, this paper describes the use of Persian articles in the interlanguage (IL) produced by two adult English L1 learners of Persian L2. Using a combination of contrastive analysis and error analysis, it takes the stand of idiosyncrasy in meaning, rather than form and the notion of specificity-based articles to identify and predict some possible instances of transfer across six elicitation tasks. It also intends to investigate whether any of the contextual features may variably influence the learners’ IL. Providing evidence for the role of transferability from the viewpoint of semantic concerns, results describe the existence of variation in relation to task, rather than just linguistic form in the subjects’ IL system.   Keywords: Articles, English L1, L1 transferability, Persian L2, task-based variation.  

Notas lingüísticas sobre el diluvio y la creación (dos relatos mexicaneros)

Tlalocan ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leopoldo Valiñas C.
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Development ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
The Creation

In his analysis, Valiñas demonstrates certain relationships between the linguistic form of the language used and the narrative development of two connected Nahuatl stories from Durango collected by Konrad Preuss, The Flood and The Creation. He notes structural similarities between the stories, and points out that he is considering the story, not the text, since one storycan be divided into different texts according to the teller. Linguistic features that Valiñas includes are time and aspect, direction, and mood.

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