Syntactic peculiarities of Turkish news materials

This article reviews the syntactic peculiarities of Turkish news materials determined as result of analysis of the most reputable Turkish online news sources, such as Anadolu Ajansı, Hürriyet, Cumhuriyet etc. The key syntactic peculiarity of news materials is the direct order of words in sentences (SOV) without inversion. News reports usually represent a set of simple sentences, which are complicated by the extended sentence parts (most commonly with forms ending with -DIğI/-AcAğI) and homogeneous parts of the sentence. News materials are characterized by the use of simple sentences, in which the subject is expressed in forms ending with -DIğI/-AcAğI or the verb name ending with -mA, while the predicate is in passive voice. Extended participial clauses with a semi-predicative meaning, pronounced present or past participle ending with -An. The subordinate word of such participial clauses is generally the subject of the superordinate clause. The article examines the formats of direct and indirect speech, lists the most commonly used phrases that introduce direct speech, as well as provides the examples of sentences that contain both direct and indirect speech. The author also cites statistical data on the prevalence of sentences containing direct and indirect speech in news materials. The article lists grammatical structures typical for sociopolitical discourse. These include constructions with the verb ‘bulunmak’ (to have), the peculiarity of which lies in replacement of verbs such as ‘ifade etmek’ (to express), “çağırmak” (to call) , etc. by compound nominal structures in locative case, which forms a single-affix ezāfe with the previous phrase and the verb ‘bulunmak’ (to have). Construction is -DIğI görüşünde or -AcAğI görüşünde.is commonly uses alongside constructions with the verb ‘bulunmak’.

Case grammar in film “the Professor and the Madman” based on Charles J. Fillmore’s Perspective

The sentences spoken by the actors in the dialogue contained in the film “the Professor and the Madman” consist of a variety of structures that form a grammatical construction, so that the sentences can be understood and the dialogue can run well and smoothly. In the context of Charles J. Fillmore’s case grammar, the various structures that form a grammatical construction in a sentence are called modality and proposition. In a line with that background, the purposes of the research are: (1) to reveal the modality in film “the Professor and the Madman” based on the perspective of Charles J. Fillmore; (2) to describe the proposition in film “the Professor and the Madman” based on the perspective of Charles J. Fillmore. This research is qualitative, descriptive and literary research. The data source in this research is film “the Professor and the Madman” directed by P.B. Shemran. The data collection techniques in this research use watching, reading-listening and taking note. The data analysis techniques consist of three stages, namely: (1) choosing and classifying data based on modality and its forms; and proposition and its forms; (2) illustrating and writing down case grammar elements and their forms on the table, explaining them sequentially and interpreting them based on Charles J. Fillmore’s perspective; and (3) conducting the induction of interpretation summary to obtain substantive and formative conclusions. The results are: (1) modality has types, including tense: past, present and future; mode: desiderative, imperative, indicative, and interrogative; negation: no and not; adverb: frequency, manner, degree, quantity, and explanatory; (2) there are several types of proposition. They are agentive case (A): first personal pronoun, second pronoun, and third pronoun; experiential case (E): verb (basic) and verb (modal); instrumental case (I): noun and sense; objective case (O): human and thing; source case (S): noun phrase and noun; goal case (G): human and place; locative case (L): area, part of house, and office; time case (T): part of the day, year, and century; collateral case (C): with + noun; and benefactive case: for + noun. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that if a sentence is viewed from the case grammar theory, then it must have an inner structure consisting of modality and or proposition. Modality and proposition consist of types and each of types has the various forms.

SEMANTICIZATION OF ACCENTUAL VARIANTS IN RUSSIAN NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION: BEYOND THE “SECOND LOCATIVE” CASE

Some Russian nouns of the third declension have a specialized “second locative” form with the stressed desinence -и. By contrast, the otherwise homophonous genitive, dative and “plain” locative forms of these nouns are believed to have stress on the stem, cf. genitive, dative and “plain” locative те́ни, vs. second locative (в) тени́ ‘(in) the shade’. However, the data from the poetic texts available in the Russian National Corpus indicate that some of the relevant nouns display accentual variation in their genitive and dative forms. This variation statistically reflects semantic contrasts: in particular, nouns denoting substances (грязь ‘dirt’, пыль ‘dust’, кровь ‘blood’) tend to have stress on the desinence -и in contexts denoting fixed attachment or immersion in the substance. Semanticization of these accentual constrasts is arguably triggered by analogy with the locative forms. These findings indicate a nascent feature of +/– attachment, which cross-cuts case paradigms of at least some Russian nouns.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHERPA AND NEPALI LANGUAGE ON THE BASIS OF CASE

Sherpa language spoken by Sherpas, the inhabitants of Himalayan region, falls on Tibeto-Burman language family. While comparing the case grammar of Sherpa language and Nepali language both have similarly types of case and case marker (Bibhakti). Sherpa Subjective case takes ki suffix as case marker and Nepali case takes [le]. Sherpa objective case takes la suffix as case marker and Nepali case takes [lai]. Instrumental case takes ki/gi] suffix as case marker in sherpa and Nepali case takes le/ ba;ta. Dative case take la: as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [lai]. Ablative case takes tja:su as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [ba:ta/ ᵭekhi]. Locative case takes la: as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes [ma] and possessive case takes ki as case marker in Sherpa and Nepali case takes[ ro/ no/ ko]. Sherpa language and Nepali language are similar on the basis of case grammar study. The sentence structure in Sherpa language is different from Nepali language. There is no gender system in this language. Verbs are not changed on the basis of number either. SPECIAL WORDS: Tibeto-Burman, Sambhota Script, Kham, tan, Linguistic Universal.

Formy celownika, narzędnika i miejscownika liczby mnogiej rzeczowników w Sprawie chędogiej o męce Pana Chrystusowej i w Historyi Trzech Kroli (kodeks Wawrzyńca z Łaska, 1544)

Celem artykułu jest próba ustalenia spójności językowej, a także relacji chronologicznej oraz geograficznej zachodzących między dwoma tekstami wchodzącymi w skład kodeksu Wawrzyńca z Łaska (1544): Sprawą chędogą o męce Pana Chrystusowej i Historyją Trzech Kroli. Przedmiotem analizy są formy celownika, narzędnika i miejscownika liczby mnogiej rzeczowników; uwzględnia ona następujące aspekty rozkładu analizowanych końcówek: frekwencyjny, rodzajowy, tematyczny oraz leksemowy. Z analizy wynika, że badane apokryfy poświadczają stan językowy właściwy tekstom starszym (z przełomu XV i XVI wieku) lub charakterystyczny dla wczesnych druków krakowskich. Pewne cechy językowe poświadczone w apokryfach mają charakter północnopolski; ich nierównomierny rozkład tekstowy może jednak wskazywać na to, że nie pochodzą one od Wawrzyńca z Łaska. Forms of the dative, instrumental and locative case of plural nouns in Sprawa chędoga o męce Pana Chrystusowej and Historyja Trzech Kroli (Wawrzyniec of Łask’s Codex, 1544). Summary: The aim of the article is an attempt to establish linguistic coherence as well as chronological and geographical relation between two texts included in Wawrzyniec of Łask’s Codex (1544): Sprawa chędoga o męce Pana Chrystusowej (A Beautiful Tale of the Passion of Christ) and Historyja Trzech Kroli OSIEWICZ(The Story of the Three Kings). The analysis of plural nouns in the dative, instrumental and locative case includes a discussion of the following aspects of the distribution of the analyzed inflectional suffixes: frequency, gender, thematic and lexical aspects. The analysis shows that the apocrypha confirm the language state typical of older texts (from the turn of the 16th century) or characteristic of early Krakow prints. Certain linguistic features evidenced in the apocrypha are of Northern Polish origin. The uneven text distribution may indicate that the apocrypha do not come from Wawrzyniec of Łask. Keywords: language history, inflection, apocrypha, manuscript, source studies.

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF THE WRITTEN MONUMENT IN SELKUP «CONVERSATIONS ABOUT THE TRUE GOD AND TRUE FAITH IN THE DIALECT OF OB OSTYAKS» (1900) BY ST. MACARIUS (NEVSKY)

Данная работа посвящена описанию особенностей синтаксиса одного из первых памятников южноселькупской письменности, записанных св. Макарием (Невским) «Беседы об истинном Боге и истиной вере на наречии обских остяков». Анализируемый материал относится к средне¬обскому диалекту селькупского языка. Перевод памятника на селькупский был сделан св. Макарием с алтайского языка, а к тексту приложен буквальный русский перевод. Текст памятника был проанализирован на выявление порядков следования в нем основных элементов предложения: S — субъект, V — предикат, O — прямой объект. Доминирующими порядками слов текста памятника являются SOV, SV и OV, что соответствует порядку слов в самодийский языках в целом и в селькупском в частности. В тексте памятника распространены специальные конструкции, состоящие из имперфектного деепричастия и глагола и нефинитные клаузы с именами действия в локативном падеже для выражения обстоятельства времени. При сравнении с более современными среднеобскими текстами конструкции с имперфектным деепричастием и глаголом по-прежнему частотны, в то время как примеры с именем действия в локативном падеже отсутствуют. Вместо них используются финитные клаузы с союзами или союзными словами. Бессоюзный тип связи однородных членов предложения и сложносочиненных предложений сочетается в памятнике с параллельным использованием союзов и союзных слов, что в диахроническом аспекте можно рассматривать как развивающуюся инновацию. При сравнении с более поздними материалами по среднеобским говорам шёшкумов / шёшкупов можно утверждать, что использование союзов и союзных слов закрепилось в них. The aim of this work is to describe the syntactic features of one of the first written monuments in southern Selkup by St. Macarius (Nevsky) «Conversations About the True God and True Faith in the Dialect of Ob Ostyaks». The analyzed material is included in the Central-Ob dialect of the Selkup language. The translation of the monument into Selkup was made by St. Macarius from the Altaic language. The literal Russian translation is also attached to the text. The text of the monument was analyzed to identify the order of the main constituents of the sentence: S — subject, V — predicate, O — direct object. The dominant word orders of the text are SOV, SV и OV, which fully correspond to the word order in Samoyedic languages in general and in Selkup in particular. Special constructions consisting of an imperfect converb and a verb, as well as infinite clauses with a nomen actionis in the locative case to express the circumstance of time, are spread in the text. When compared with modern Middle-Ob texts, constructions with imperfect converbs and verbs are still frequent, while examples with a nomen actionis in the locative case are absent. Instead of them finite clauses with the connectives and connective words are used. The conjunctionless link type of the homogeneous parts of the sentence, as well as of complex sentences, is common. Connectives and connective words, including those borrowed from the Russian language, are also used. Comparing the obtained data with modern materials on the Middle-Ob dialect, no significant changes are noted in this aspect. The conjunctionless link type of the homogeneous parts of the sentence, as well as of complex sentences, is combined with parallel use of connectives and connective words, including those borrowed from the Russian language. Comparing the obtained data with modern materials on the Middle-Ob dialect, the use of connectives and connective words gained a foothold.

Agreeing Adpositions in Avar and The Directionality-of-Valuation Debate

Given the central spot afforded to unvalued features in current theorizing, the directionality of feature valuation is the subject of a lively debate in the syntactic literature. The traditional conception of upward valuation, whereby the unvalued probe inherits features from a valued goal in its c-command domain ( Chomsky 2000 , 2001 , Carstens and Diercks 2013 , Preminger 2013 ), has to compete with downward valuation ( Zeijlstra 2012 ), Hybrid Agree ( Bjorkman and Zeijlstra 2019 ), and bidirectional Agree ( Baker 2008 ), among others. Here, using data from Avar, I discuss the crosslinguistically rare phenomenon of adposition agreement, whereby certain adverbs, postpositions, and locative case forms undergo agreement with an absolutive argument. I set the stage by sketching the mechanism of case assignment and argument-predicate agreement in Avar ( section 1 ) and introducing the phenomenon of adposition agreement ( section 2 ). I then show that the agreement morphology on agreeing adpositions is a result of agreement rather than concord ( section 3 ). In sections 4 – 5 , I explore the consequences of adposition agreement in Avar for upward and downward valuation, concluding that upward valuation is better equipped to account for the observed patterns. In section 6 , I summarize the results of the discussion.

Relative clauses in Agul from a corpus-based perspective

This paper gives an account of participial clauses in Agul (Lezgic, Nakh-Daghestanian), based on a sample of 858 headed noun-modifying clauses taken from two text corpora, one spoken and one written. Noun-modifying clauses in Agul do not show syntactic restrictions on what can be relativized, and hence they instantiate the type known as GNMCCs, or general noun-modifying clause constructions. As the text counts show, intransitive verbs are more frequent than transitives and experiencer verbs in participial clauses, and among intransitive verbs, locative statives with the roots ‘be’ and ‘stay, remain’ account for half of all the uses. The asymmetry between the different relativization targets is also significant. Among the core arguments, the intransitive subject (S) is the most frequent target, patient (P) occupies second place, and agent (A) is comparatively rare. The preference of S and, in general, of S and P over A also holds true for most other Nakh-Daghestanian languages for which comparable counts are available. At the same time, Agul stands apart from the other languages by its high ratio of non-core relativization which accounts for 42% of all participial clauses. Addressee, arguments and adjuncts encoded with a locative case, as well as more general place and time relativizations show especially high frequency, outnumbering such arguments as experiencers, recipients, and predicative and adnominal possessors. Possible reasons for the high ratio of non-argument relativization are discussed in the paper.