REDUPLICATION IN JAVANESE

This paper aims at describing Javanese reduplication system with focus of attention on forms, functions, and grammatical meanings. By using data extracted from Javanese text books and ones of my own creation whose grammaticalty and acceptability are previously tested with several native speakers, through distributional method with its various technical analysis, the research found that Javanese reduplication can be classified into at least four linguistic forms. Those are full reduplication, partial reduplication, sound modification reduplication, and affix-combined reduplication. Javanese reduplication can either perform inflective or derivative function in relation to its potentiality to maintain and change the word identity. Finally, with regard to the grammatical meanings, Javanese reduplication at least can express eleven grammatical meanings, i.e. plurality, diversity, continuity, intensity, attenuation, reciprocity, artificiality, collectivity, rate, astonishment and contrast. Many of these grammatical meanings are context sensitive.

CONTRASTING MARKED AND UNMARKED QUESTIONS: A CASE OF SIHS IN INDONESIAN

Discourse marker sih is a common feature of questions in colloquial Indonesian. The results of previous research show a contrast function of sihs in questions. The questions in which sihs occur are called marked questions. The present study explored the functions of sihs by contrasting marked and unmarked questions produced by the same speakers. The marked questions can occur before the unmarked questions or in reverse order. In both patterns, the marked questions indicate speakers’ great willingness to know. They also show speakers’ way to attract hearers’ attention. The unmarked questions were used when the speakers elicit more accurate and precious answers. Moreover, they were uttered when the hearers do not catch the idea mentioned in the first question. They were uttered because the hearers’ ask for repetition.

CONSTRUCTING AND PROMOTING NATIONAL IDENTITY THROUGH TOURISM: A MULTIMODAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN OFFICIAL TOURISM WEBSITE

This paper aims to examine the contribution of multimodal resources in the Indonesian official tourism website in constructing and promoting the Indonesian national identity. Data were gathered from 7 verbal (linguistic) texts and 13 visual (nonlinguistic) texts presented in the Indonesian official tourism website. This study draws on Wodak et al’s (2009) discursive strategies of national identity construction and Kress and van Leuween’s (2006) theory of visual design. The results of the study show that the combination of verbal and visual texts in the Indonesian official tourism website contribute to the Indonesian national identity construction and promotion. The constructed and promoted Indonesian national identities are 1) Indonesia as a country with the rich natural landscape; 2) Indonesia as an archipelagic tropical country; 3) Indonesia as a maritime country; 4) Indonesia as a technologically advanced country; 5) Indonesia as a modern country; 6) Indonesia as a multicultural country; 7) Indonesia as a country with cultural richness; 8) Indonesians as people who are open to strangers or foreigners; 9) Indonesians as kind and friendly people; and 10) Indonesians as modern people.

THE TYPOLOGY OF APPLICATIVE/CAUSATIVE MARKING IN TAPUS

This paper constitutes an initial examination of the applicative/causative suffix -ge in Tapus, a divergent traditional Minangkabau variety spoken in rural Western Sumatra. Our aim is to show that the similarities and divergences from Standard Indonesian of traditional rural varieties provides insight into the properties of “Indonesian-type” languages in general. The distribution of applicatives/causatives in Tapus is interesting for several reasons. First, applicative/causative suffixes in Indonesian-type languages are well-known for the use of the same morphology for a variety of purposes. The fact that a single form is used for these different functions raises the question of whether the applicative/causative morphemes are two (or more) distinct morphemes or whether the form has a unitary linguistic function. We will show that the unitary analysis for causative and benefactive uses of the applicative/causative suffix cannot account for the data in Tapus. Another area of interest with regard to this suffix relates to constraints on movement. We show that the Extreme Locality Hypothesis cannot account for the Tapus data based on the interaction between the applicative/causative suffix and information question formation/relativization. Finally, we demonstrate that Pylkkänen’s typology of applicatives makes incorrect predictions with respect to the interpretations available for benefactives in Tapus and other Indonesian-type languages, showing the necessity for an expanded taxonomy of applicative forms. Our general conclusion is that the detailed examination of grammatical constructions in divergent Malayic varieties leads to new and surprising insights into the grammatical profile of Indonesian-type languages.

Exploring Metaphor Use: Its Categories and Translation Strategies within the Novel Anak Bajang Menggiring Angin by Sindhunata into Herding the Wind by Joan Suyenaga

This research explores the use of metaphor categories and its translation strategies using the theory of Newmark (1988). The qualitative method was employed since the data were in the form of verbal data derived from novels. In the stage of collecting the data, an observational method followed by note-taking technique was applied. As indicated in the section of results and discussion, 151 data were considered to be metaphor in the ST whilst 90 data belong to TT and 61 other data were converted into other forms (simile, sense, and even deletion). Of six metaphor categories, four categories emerged in the texts whereas two out of them (Adapted and Recent metaphor) were not used. The metaphor category most dominantly used in both texts is dead metaphor with 111 data (11,2 %) in the ST and 70 data (7,8 %) in the TT whilst the strategy ‘metaphor to metaphor’ dominates over other strategies (81 data, 53,6 %). Meanwhile, the least strategy employed was ‘metaphor to simile with sense’ and strategy ‘metaphor to metaphor plus sense’ is disregarded. In addition, as the metaphor translation strategies were bound to the metaphor categories, the result poses that dead metaphor is the category translated by using the strategy ‘metaphor to metaphor’ in most frequency.

JAVANESE LANGUAGE AS AN ETHNIC IDENTITY MARKER AMONG MULTILINGUAL FAMILIES IN INDONESIA

The rise of a pan-Indonesian national identity and the global significance of English have weakened heritage languages in Indonesia’s various ethnolinguistic communities. Focusing on the case of Javanese, the largest ethnic group, this study examines the role of the HL as an ethnic marker and its interplay with factors such as ethnic self-identification, proficiency, and usage frequency. The data were collected via parental surveys of 183 primary school children in East Java. The findings indicate that the Javanese language is still highly valued as ethnic marker and that Javanese people view its maintenance as central to their identity construction. However, inconsistencies are identified between attitudes and practices, with use of Javanese as a home language decreasing, and children’s production showing extensive influence from Indonesian. Taken together, positive attitudes regarding the Javanese as identity marker and the apparent ethnolinguistic vitality of Javanese is not necessarily translated into intergenerational transmission.

CONVERSATION ANALYSIS ON THE INTERVIEW TEST OF THE INDONESIAN SOLIDARITY PARTY’S LEGISLATIVE CANDIDATES

Based on an analysis of 154 questions and their responses in the interview test of the Indonesian Solidarity Party’s legislative candidates, this article gives a descriptive overview of interview stages and the types of question-response that are implemented in the conversation. Conversation Analysis (CA) is applied as an approach. Data are from video recordings of naturally occurring conversation in the interview test that are retrieved from https://www.youtube.com. Relying on the data, this paper shows the generic structure of interview test (e.g., warm-up, confirmation, information exchange, and wrap-up), question types (e.g., wh-, disjunctive, declarative, tag, echo, narrative, and multiple), and types of responses (e.g., information, confirmation, marked confirmation, disconfirmation, choice of alternative answers, implication, code switched, and repetition). This paper reveals that wh-interrogative is used more commonly in the interview test than the other question types. Finally, information response in the form of clausal responses is mostly preferred by legislative candidates.

SOCIO-CULTURAL DYNAMICS AND ETHNOLINGUISTIC VITALITY OF SEMBIRAN BALINESE

This paper reports our preliminary findings on the assessment of language vitality of Sembiran Balinese in the larger socio-cultural transformation of contemporary Bali. Sembiran Balinese, also known as Bali Aga, is a conservative mountain dialect of Balinese spoken by around 5,000 speakers in the Sembiran village, 30 km east of Singaraja northern Bali. The language and its culture reflect Bali in antiquity (Ardika, et al. 1991; Ardika, et al. 1997), with the language quite distinct from Lowland Balinese (Bali Dataran), for example in terms of its pronominal system and the absence of speech level system (Astini 1996, Sedeng 2007, Arka & Sedeng 2018). The study is based on the data collected through questionnaires focusing on subjective views of ethno-linguistic vitality such as in-/out-group interactions and domains of language use in contemporary multilingual settings, supported by ethnographic data. The analysis makes use of the current development in the sociolinguistics of vitality, particularly the notions of ethnolinguistic vitality (Giles, et al 1977) and theories of language shift and endangerment (Grenoble & Whaley 2006, Fishman 1991). The findings reveal that Sembiran Balinese appears to have a relatively strong linguistic vitality even though the speech community itself is a minority group in Bali.

KONTEKS PRAGMATIK DALAM PERSPEKTIF CYBERPRAGMATICS

It is always possible to combine the field of language with other fields which may be irrelevant, but there is a possibility to develop the fields synergistically. Cyberpragmatics can be seen as a transdisciplinary field, because it includes complex dimensions, namely language, pragmatics, technology, media, internet, and possibly other dimensions as well. This article aims to describe contexts in cyberpragmatics. The data was collected from utterances in various domains which contained context entities. The substantive data source was taken from authentic texts in various social media which also contained context. As for the locative data source, it was from social media that could be reached within the time of research. The data was collected by applying listening method and interview method. The researcher also used his intuitive judgment given the fact that he is a native speaker of Indonesian language. The data analysis method applied in this research is distributional analysis method in order to reach the linguistic aspects of this research. The dominant analytical method used is the extralingual type of extralinguistic method of analysis. The analysis showed that various pragmatic contexts were found, which include social context, societal context, cultural context, and situational context. The diverse contexts may change and shift over time. The context of the past cannot be the same as the context of the present and future. The elements and functions of the context will definitely shift and change so that the meaning of speech intentions in cyberpragmatics will also change.

MBASAAKÉ IN FAMILY CIRCLE: LINGUISTIC SOCIALIZATION OF POLITENESS IN JAVANESE

This qualitative preliminary study highlights a common linguistic practice of politeness in the Javanese family circle called mbasaaké, which refers to addressing or referring to a family member with a kinship term that does not necessarily portray the actual family relationship. This study aims to demonstrate that this pragmatic practice of mbasaaké requires the role of adult speakers in the family circle to novice members of the family. The adult members in the family intentionally deployed this act as a strategy to socialize politeness in the Javanese culture. A small number of naturally occurring interactive turns which involves four family members are presented in this paper to illustrate this mbasakaké practice. The four persons who participated in the casual conversations originally come from East Java, but they have resided in Yogyakarta for many years. The data presented in this paper prove that this linguistic socialization is continuously practiced within the family circle with or without the presence of the novice members of the family. Another important finding is that a respectful kinship term is also given to a family member in absentia.