scholarly journals Fetal growth, glucose tolerance and plasma insulin concentration in rats given a marginal-zinc diet in the latter stages of pregnancy

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Southon ◽  
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait ◽  
Christine M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Fetal Blood ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Tail Blood

1. Wistar rats were fed on a control semi-synthetic diet throughout pregnancy, or a control diet in the first 2 weeks and a marginal-zinc diet in the 3rd week of pregnancy. On day 20, after an overnight fast, half the animals in each group were given glucose by gavage and the 0–30 min rise in blood glucose measured in tail blood. After 60 min blood was taken by cardiac puncture for glucose and insulin assay. Maternal pancreases were removed and the Zn contents measured. Fetuses from each litter were combined for wet/dry weights, protein and DNA determinations.2. Plasma insulin concentration was higher, and glucose concentration and pancreatic Zn content lower, in pregnantv. non-pregnant animals of similar age, fed on the same diet. Pancreatic Zn content was lowest in the marginal-Zn group of pregnant rats. Fetuses from mothers fed on the marginal-Zn diet during the last week of pregnancy were slightly heavier than controls and had a significantly higher protein: DNA ratio. The 0–30 min rise in blood glucose was significantly greater in the marginal-Zn animals.3. In a second experiment, pregnant rats were given similar diets to those used in the first study, but the marginal-Zn diet was given for a shorter period (days 15–19 of pregnancy). On day 19 the rats were meal-fed and on day 20, after an overnight fast, an oral glucose dose was administered. Tail-blood was taken at timed intervals up to 60 min post-dosing for glucose assay. Both maternal and fetal blood glucose and insulin concentration was measured 70 min post-dosing.4. Values for maternal and fetal blood glucose and plasma insulin, measured 70 min after the administration of a glucose dose, were similar in the two groups, but the initial rise in blood glucose concentration was again significantly higher in pregnant rats given the marginal-Zn diet towards term.5. It is suggested that the change in growth and composition, observed in fetuses from rats given a marginal-Zn diet in later pregnancy, is associated with altered maternal carbohydrate metabolism.

scholarly journals The effect of acetoacetate on plasma insulin concentration

1971 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Hawkins ◽  
K. G. M. M. Alberti ◽  
C. R. S. Houghton ◽  
D. H. Williamson ◽  
H. A. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Arterial Blood

1. Sodium acetoacetate was infused into the inferior vena cava of fed rats, 48h-starved rats, and fed streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with insulin. Arterial blood was obtained from a femoral artery catheter. 2. Acetoacetate infusion caused a fall in blood glucose concentration in fed rats from 6.16 to 5.11mm in 1h, whereas no change occurred in starved or fed–diabetic rats. 3. Plasma free fatty acids decreased within 10min, from 0.82 to 0.64mequiv./l in fed rats, 1.16 to 0.79mequiv./l in starved rats and 0.83 to 0.65mequiv./l in fed–diabetic rats. 4. At 10min the plasma concentration rose from 20 to 49.9μunits/ml in fed unanaesthetized rats and from 6.4 to 18.5μunits/ml in starved rats. There was no change in insulin concentration in the diabetic rats. 5. Nembutal-anaesthetized fed rats had a more marked increase in plasma insulin concentration, from 30 to 101μunits/ml within 10min. 6. A fall in blood glucose concentration in fed rats and a decrease in free fatty acids in both fed and starved rats is to be expected as a consequence of the increase in plasma insulin. 7. The fall in the concentration of free fatty acids in diabetic rats may be due to a direct effect of ketone bodies on adipose tissue. A similar effect on free fatty acids could also be operative in normal fed or starved rats.

scholarly journals Glucose–insulin relationships and thyroid status of cockerels selected for high or low residual food consumption

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Gabarrou ◽  
Pierre Andre Geraert ◽  
John Williams ◽  
Laurent Ruffier ◽  
Nicole Rideau
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis

The plasma glucose–insulin relationships and thyroid status were investigated in two lines of adult cockerels divergently selected for high (R+) or low (R-) residual food consumption (RFC). For a given body weight, R+ birds had a 74 % higher food intake than R- birds. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the R+ line compared with the R- when fasted, whereas R+ birds exhibited a significantly lower plasma insulin concentration than R- birds either in fed or fasted state. After an overnight fast, R+ birds also exhibited a higher sensitivity to exogenous insulin in view of its more pronounced hypoglycaemic effect. After an oral glucose load, the glucose disposal of R+ cockerels was faster despite lower glucose-induced plasma insulin concentration. Whilst plasma triacylglycerol concentrations were lower in the R+ line when fed, plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were higher in fasted R+ than R- cockerels (684v.522 μmol/l). Higher plasma triiodothyronine concentrations were observed in fed R+ compared with R- birds (3·0v.2·1 nmol/l respectively). The higher plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine associated with lower concentrations of insulin could account for the leanness and the elevated diet-induced thermogenesis previously observed in the R+ line.

Glucose intolerance following chronic metabolic acidosis in man.

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (4) ◽  
pp. E328 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A DeFronzo ◽  
A D Beckles
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Chronic Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity

The effect of chronic metabolic acidosis (0.1 g/(kg . day) X 3 days) on carbohydrate metabolism was examined with the glucose-clamp technique in 16 healthy volunteers. Hyperglycemic clamp. Plasma glucose concentration is acutely raised and maintained 125 mg/dl above the basal level. Because the glucose concentration is held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of glucose metabolism (M). Following NH4Cl, M decreased from 8.95 +/- 1.12 to 7.35 +/- 0.76 (P less than 0.05) despite an increased plasma insulin concentration (I) 23 +/- 9%, P less than 0.05). Consequently the M/I ratio, an index of tissue sensitivity to insulin, decreased by 32 +/- 5% (P less than 0.005). Euglycemic clamp. Plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised and maintained 101 +/- 3 microU/ml above basal and plasma glucose is held constant at the fasting level by a variable glucose infusion (M). Following NH4Cl both M and M/I decreased by 15 +/- 4% (P = 0.005) and 15 +/- 5% (P = 0.01), respectively. Metabolic acidosis had no effect on basal [3-3H]glucose production or the percent of decline (91 +/- 4%) following hyperinsulinemia. Both hyperglycemic and euglycemic clamp studies indicate that impaired glucose metabolism following metabolic acidosis results from impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin.

scholarly journals Postprandial glucose and insulin profiles following a glucose-loaded meal in cats and dogs

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (S1) ◽  
pp. S101-S104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian K. Hewson-Hughes ◽  
Matthew S. Gilham ◽  
Sarah Upton ◽  
Alison Colyer ◽  
Richard Butterwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Plasma Glucose Concentration ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
High Blood Glucose

Data from intravenous (i.v.) glucose tolerance tests suggest that glucose clearance from the blood is slower in cats than in dogs. Since different physiological pathways are activated following oral administration compared with i.v. administration, we investigated the profiles of plasma glucose and insulin in cats and dogs following ingestion of a test meal with or without glucose. Adult male and female cats and dogs were fed either a high-protein (HP) test meal (15 g/kg body weight; ten cats and eleven dogs) or a HP+glucose test meal (13 g/kg body-weight HP diet+2 g/kg body-weight d-glucose; seven cats and thirteen dogs) following a 24 h fast. Marked differences in plasma glucose and insulin profiles were observed in cats and dogs following ingestion of the glucose-loaded meal. In cats, mean plasma glucose concentration reached a peak at 120 min (10·2, 95 % CI 9·7, 10·8 mmol/l) and returned to baseline by 240 min, but no statistically significant change in plasma insulin concentration was observed. In dogs, mean plasma glucose concentration reached a peak at 60 min (6·3, 95 % CI 5·9, 6·7 mmol/l) and returned to baseline by 90 min, while plasma insulin concentration was significantly higher than pre-meal values from 30 to 120 min following the glucose-loaded meal. These results indicate that cats are not as efficient as dogs at rapidly decreasing high blood glucose levels and are consistent with a known metabolic adaptation of cats, namely a lack of glucokinase, which is important for both insulin secretion and glucose uptake from the blood.

GLUCOSE-INDUCED INCREASE OF PLASMA INSULIN IN THE RAT FOETUS IN UTERO

1974 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. KERVRAN ◽  
J. R. GIRARD
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Plasma Insulin Levels ◽  
Effect Of Glucose ◽  
Foetal Blood

SUMMARY The effect of glucose on the release of insulin from the pancreas of 18·5 to 21·5-day-old rat foetuses has been studied in utero. Foetal hyperglycaemia was induced by a 1 h glucose infusion into pregnant rats. In foetuses from mother rats infused with saline, the blood glucose and the plasma insulin concentrations increased up to day 21·5 of gestation. The blood glucose level of the foetuses never exceeded that of the mothers which remained stable from day 18·5 to day 21·5 of gestation. The infusion of glucose raised the foetal blood glucose concentration to that of the mothers and induced a significant increase of plasma insulin levels both in the mothers and their foetuses. The enhanced plasma insulin concentration observed in the 18·5-day-old foetuses of glucose-infused pregnant rats became greater each day up to 21·5 days.

Insulin does not mediate the attenuation of fatigue associated with glucose infusion in rat plantaris muscle

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony D. Karelis ◽  
François Péronnet ◽  
Phillip F. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Plasma Glucose Concentration ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
Plantaris Muscle ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration

Glucose infusion attenuates fatigue in rat plantaris muscle stimulated in situ, and this is associated with a better maintenance of electrical properties of the fiber membrane (Karelis AD, Péronnet F, and Gardiner PF. Exp Physiol 87: 585–592, 2002). The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that elevated plasma insulin concentration due to glucose infusion (∼900 pmol/l), rather than high plasma glucose concentration (∼10–11 mmol/l), could be responsible for this phenomenon, because insulin has been shown to stimulate the Na+-K+ pump. The plantaris muscle was indirectly stimulated (50 Hz, for 200 ms, 5 V, every 2.7 s) via the sciatic nerve to perform concentric contractions for 60 min, while insulin (8 mU · kg-1 · min-1: plasma insulin ∼900 pmol/l) and glucose were infused to maintain plasma glucose concentration between 4 and 6 [6.2 ± 0.4 mg · kg-1 · min-1: hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HE)] or 10 and 12 mmol/l [21.7 ± 1.1 mg · kg-1 · min-1: hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamps (HH)] (6 rats/group). The reduction in submaximal dynamic force was significantly ( P < 0.05) less with HH (-53%) than with HE and saline only (-66 and -70%, respectively). M-wave characteristics were also better maintained in the HH than in HE and control groups. These results demonstrate that the increase in insulin concentration is not responsible for the increase in muscle performance observed after the elevation of circulating glucose.

scholarly journals Unusual Glycemic Presentations in a Child with a Novel Heterozygous Intragenic INSR Deletion

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Federica Verdecchia ◽  
Nese Akcan ◽  
Antonia Dastamani ◽  
Kate Morgan ◽  
Robert K. Semple ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Neonatal Diabetes ◽  
Type A ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Transient Neonatal Diabetes

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Mutations of the insulin receptor (INSR) gene lead to a wide spectrum of inherited insulin resistance (IR) syndromes. Among these, type A-IR, usually caused by dominant negative <i>INSR</i> mutations, generally presents peri-pubertally in girls. <b><i>Case:</i></b> A 2.8-year-old girl was referred due to recurrent postprandial and fasting hypoglycemia. She had been born at full-term with birth weight 1.89 kg, and had developed transient neonatal diabetes. Examination showed satisfactory growth, reduced adipose tissue, acanthosis nigricans, and isolated thelarche. After 12 h of fasting, she developed hypoglycemia (glucose 2.8 mmol/L), with inappropriately raised plasma insulin concentration of 5.4 mU/L and suppressed fatty acids and ketone bodies. Oral glucose tolerance testing showed severely increased plasma insulin concentration (&#x3e;300 mU/L) with hypoglycemia (glucose 1.6 mmol/L) at 2.5 h. She was initially managed on dietary modifications, cornstarch, and then trialed on acarbose for postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (PPHH) with some response. However, she was noted to have increased frequency of hyperglycemia after a couple of years of treatment. She was then switched to metformin and continued to have dietary carbohydrate modification including cornstarch that improved fasting tolerance, hyperglycemia, and postprandial hypoglycemia. Genetic testing identified heterozygous deletion of the last exon of the <i>INSR</i> gene, exon 22. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> We present a case of type A-IR, caused by a novel <i>INSR</i> deletion, presenting unusually early with transient neonatal diabetes, followed by episodes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia during later childhood. Early life presentations, including neonatal diabetes and PPHH, should lead to consideration of type A-IR.

scholarly journals Effects of rumen-protected carbohydrate supplementation on performance and blood metabolites in feedlot finishing steers during heat stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan P Russi ◽  
Nicolas DiLorenzo ◽  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Finishing Steers

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the inclusion of a rumen-protected carbohydrate (RPC) on growth performance and blood metabolites of finishing steers during the summer. A 62-d feedlot study was conducted using 135 Angus crossbred steers (body weight = 287 ± 13 kg). All animals were fed a basal diet (BD), then treatments were top-dressed. The treatments were the same composition and only varied in ruminal degradability. Treatments were 1) a BD with 1 kg/d of a control supplement (0RPC), 2) the BD plus 0.5 kg/d of the control supplement and 0.5 kg/d of RPC (0.5RCP), and 3) the BD with 1 kg/d of RPC supplement (1RPC). Temperature humidity index and cattle panting scores (CPS) were measured daily during the experiment. Growth performance, back-fat over the 12th rib (BF), LM area, blood glucose and plasma insulin, urea, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were measured. Data were statistically analyzed (PROC Mixed, SAS) using treatment, time, and their interaction as a fixed variable and pen as a random variable. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) between the three treatments on CPS, BF, and LM area on day 62. There was a trend (P = 0.06) for treatment effect for a greater body weight on the 0.5RPC, and a treatment effect for dry matter intake (P = 0.05). Treatment × day interactions were observed for average daily gain (ADG, P =0.04), suggesting a different response to treatments during the different sampling periods. There was a treatment effect for blood glucose concentration (P = 0.03), having the 0RPC the greatest concentration. Treatment × day interactions were found for plasma insulin concentration (P = 0.01). The results suggest that the response to RPC supplementation depends in part on environment. The use of 0.5 kg/d of RPC tends to improve overall body weight; however, the response to RPC on ADG and plasma insulin concentration depend on the time of sampling.

THE RESPONSE OF PLASMA INSULIN, GLUCOSE AND NON-ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS TO VARIOUS HORMONES, NUTRIENTS AND DRUGS IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. LANGSLOW ◽  
E. J. BUTLER ◽  
C. N. HALES ◽  
A. W. PEARSON
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Nefa Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

SUMMARY The relationships between plasma insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and α-amino nitrogen concentrations in the domestic fowl have been studied. During a 72-hr. fast the plasma glucose concentration fell while the NEFA concentration rose but there was no change in plasma insulin concentration. Both oral and intracardiac glucose increased the plasma insulin concentration and lowered the plasma NEFA and α-amino nitrogen concentrations. Oral amino acids increased plasma insulin and glucose concentrations but had no effect on plasma NEFA. Intracardiac ox insulin depressed plasma glucose and α-amino nitrogen and increased the plasma NEFA concentration. Intracardiac glucagon increased both plasma glucose and NEFA and depressed the plasma α-amino nitrogen concentrations but had no significant effect on plasma insulin. Intracardiac adrenaline had no effect on plasma NEFA but increased plasma glucose concentration and caused a small depression in plasma insulin concentration.

Antecedent Insulin Level and Pattern of Induction of Acute Hypoglycaemia do Not Affect Subsequent Counterregulatory Responses in Healthy Subjects

1993 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Moriarty ◽  
E. J. Simpson ◽  
R. N. Mullinger ◽  
I. A. MaCdonald ◽  
R. B. Tattersall
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Adrenaline ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Analogue Scales

1. This study was designed to determine whether the duration and pattern of prior insulin exposure modulate the symptomatic and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycaemia. 2. Ten healthy non-obese subjects (five males/five females age 25 + 1 years, mean + SEM) were made hypoglycaemic in three ways: (i) a hyperinsulinaemic (60 m-units min−1 m−2; plasma insulin concentration 95 m-units/l) clamp, with 1 h of euglycaemia, blood glucose level 4.5 mmol/l, followed by 30 min of hypoglycaemia, at a stable glucose nadir of 2.0 mmol/l (i.e. euglycaemic then hypoglycaemic clamp: E+HC); (ii) an identical hypoglycaemic clamp without preceding hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemia (i.e. a hypoglycaemic clamp: HC); (iii) insulin infusion only, discontinued at a blood glucose level of 3.0 mmol/l (II). Blood glucose level reached the same nadir as on E+HC and HC, and did not fall further. At the glucose nadir, and 15 and 30 min after, the plasma insulin concentration was 23, 7 and 4 m-units/l, respectively, on the II visit. 3. At the glucose nadir, plasma glucagon level, plasma adrenaline level, sweating rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and overall and individual symptom scores (using visual analogue scales) were the same on E+HC, HC and II. 4. There were no significant differences in neurohormonal response between E+HC and HC, but more subjects felt hypoglycaemic on E+HC on arrival at the glucose nadir (P <0.05). There was significantly more blurring of vision (1.3+0.5 versus 0.2+0.1 cm) and tingling (1.2+0.4 versus 0.2+0.1 cm) 30 min after arriving at the glucose nadir on E+HC than HC (P <0.05, analysis of variance). 5. Significant differences were only found between E+HC or HC and the II visit 15 min after arriving at the glucose nadir, when the blood glucose level had risen significantly to 2.9 mmol/l, and 30 min after arrived at the glucose nadir, by which time the blood glucose level had recovered to 3.8 mmol/l. 6. A 1 h run-in period of euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia does not affect the hormonal or physiological response to an identical degree of hypoglycaemia, but appears to cause increased symptoms of neuroglycopenia during subsequent stable hypoglycaemia. 7. A difference in plasma insulin level within the physiological range does not affect the magnitude of symptomatic, hormonal or physiological responses to the same degree of hypoglycaemia.

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