Lantana camara (lantana).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Thomas ◽  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Ornamental Shrub

Abstract L. camara is a highly variable ornamental shrub, native of the neotropics. It has been introduced to most of the tropics and subtropics as a hedge plant and has since been reported as extremely weedy and invasive in many countries. It is generally deleterious to biodiversity and has been reported as an agricultural weed resulting in large economic losses in a number of countries. In addition to this, it increases the risk of fire, is poisonous to livestock and is a host for numerous pests and diseases. L. camara is difficult to control. In Australia, India and South Africa aggressive measures to eradicate L. camara over the last two centuries have been largely unsuccessful, and the invasion trajectory has continued upwards despite control measures. This species has been the target of biological control programmes for over a century, with successful control only being reported in a few instances.

scholarly journals Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Pasiecznik ◽  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
New South ◽  
North African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
North African Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Abstract Opuntia stricta is a cactus species native to the Americas that has been introduced worldwide as a popular ornamental. This species escaped from cultivation and has become invasive in many countries across Africa and Australia, but also more recently in the Mediterranean basin. Large and serious invasions have been reported in Australia, South Africa, Namibia, Yemen, India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar and lately also Spain and some North African countries. It has also become naturalized in many other regions (primarily in Africa and Asia) where it has not yet been recorded as a pest. In South Africa and Namibia large infestations have been reported, mainly in dry savanna bushlands, while in Australia all states are invaded with widespread populations invading southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales. Successful biological control programmes have, however, severely reduced the spread of this species in many areas where introduced, though there continues to be a risk of further introduction through the nursery trade.

scholarly journals Lumpy skin disease in southern Africa : a review of the disease and aspects of control

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hunter ◽  
D. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Strain Vaccine ◽  
Successful Control

This article reviews some of the important aspects of lumpy skin disease (LSD) that may impact on its successful control. A resurgence of the disease in the last decade has highlighted some constraints of the Neethling strain vaccine, but there is no evidence of vaccine breakdowns owing to the presence of heterologous field strains. More research is needed on epidemiology and transmission of LSD in South Africa to formulate control measures.

Opuntia stricta (erect prickly pear).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Pasiecznik ◽  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
New South ◽  
North African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
North African Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Abstract Opuntia stricta is a cactus species native to the Americas that has been introduced worldwide as a popular ornamental. This species escaped from cultivation and has become invasive in many countries across Africa and Australia, but also more recently in the Mediterranean basin. Large and serious invasions have been reported in Australia, South Africa, Namibia, Yemen, India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar and lately also Spain and some North African countries. It has also become naturalized in many other regions (primarily in Africa and Asia) where it has not yet been recorded as a pest. In South Africa and Namibia large infestations have been reported, mainly in dry savanna bushlands, while in Australia all states are invaded with widespread populations invading southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales. Successful biological control programmes have, however, severely reduced the spread of this species in many areas where introduced, though there continues to be a risk of further introduction through the nursery trade.

Major Fungal Contaminants of Mushrooms and Their Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Ashish Ghimire ◽  
Krishna Raj Pandey ◽  
Yagya Raj Joshi ◽  
Sobita Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Fungal Contaminants

Mushrooms are known for several nutritional and medicinal benefits and are cultivated worldwide. Several fungal contaminants of mushrooms have been serving as the major restraining factor in the growing mushroom industry for a long time. Fungal contaminants like Trichoderma spp., Mycogone spp., Lecanicillium spp., Cladobotryum spp., Coprinus spp., Sependonium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii, and Cephalothecum roseum among many, are found to infect mushroom crops at different stages from spawn run period to maturation of fruiting bodies. These contaminants may reduce yield and/or degrade the quality of fruiting bodies of the mushroom causing economic losses. These contaminants are usually peculiar in terms of their symptomatology on the substrates, disease cycle, epidemiological requirements, and yield losses.  Most of these contaminants come from poorly sterilized substrates. Several sterilization techniques like steam sterilization, hot water sterilization, alkalinization, bleaching, and chemical sterilization can be employed to eliminate pre-existing contaminants and each technique has its own relative advantage over others. Besides, biological control involving botanicals and live antagonists can also be used as prophylactic sterilant or as therapeutic sprays. Biological control measures are friendly to the environment and human health. Unlike chemical fungicides (used as sterilant or spray), biological control measures don’t inhibit mushroom mycelial growth and even don’t raise the problem of pesticide resistance in pathogens. Roguing out of infected mushroom fruiting bodies or beds, mushroom house sanitation, and management of vector population are also equally important in preventing the spread of the fungal diseases of mushrooms. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(2): 80-93

scholarly journals Tracing cross species transmission of Mycobacterium bovis at the wildlife/livestock interface in South Africa 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petronillah Rudo Sichewo ◽  
Tiny M. Hlokwe ◽  
Eric M.C. Etter ◽  
Anita L. Michel
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
African Buffalo ◽  
High Genetic Variability ◽  
Spoligotype Pattern ◽  
Public Health Threat

Abstract Background: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) affects cattle and wildlife in South Africa with the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) as the principal maintenance host. The presence of a wildlife maintenance host at the wildlife/livestock interface acting as spill-over host makes it much more challenging to control and eradicate bTB in cattle. Spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) genotyping methods were performed to investigate the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) isolates from cattle and wildlife, their distribution and transmission at the wildlife/livestock interface in northern Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN), South Africa. Results: SB0130 was identified as the dominant spoligotype pattern at this wildlife/livestock interface, while VNTR typing revealed a total of 29 VNTR profiles (strains) in the KZN province signifying high genetic variability. The detection of 5 VNTR profiles shared between cattle and buffalo suggests M. bovis transmission between species. MIRU-VNTR confirmed co-infection in one cow with three strains of M. bovis that differed at a single locus, with 2 being shared with buffalo, implying pathogen introduction from most probably unrelated wildlife sources. Conclusion: Our findings highlight inter and intra species transmission of bTB at the wildlife/livestock interface and the need for the implementation of adequate bTB control measures to mitigate the spread of the pathogen responsible for economic losses and a public health threat.

scholarly journals The use of a bacterin vaccine in broiler breeders for the control of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in commercial broilers

2004 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P.R. Bisschop ◽  
M. Van Vuuren ◽  
B. Gummow
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Broiler Breeders ◽  
Disease Complex ◽  
Broiler Breeder Hens ◽  
Ornithobacterium Rhinotracheale

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is a recently identified bacterial pathogen of poultry, linked to the respiratory disease complex of broilers and the economic losses associated with that disease complex. Present control measures applied for the disease include the continuous use of in-feed antibiotics. A recently developed bacterin vaccine that is applied to broiler-breeder hens to pass on protective immunity to their broiler progeny was tested under large-scale commercial conditions in South Africa. An indirect ELISA test for antibodies to ORT, optimised for use in South Africa, was used to determine antibody levels in breeders and broilers. ELISA test results showed that the vaccine stimulated the development of high antibody titre levels in broiler breeders. The efficacy of the vaccine in protecting the progeny of these birds from ORT challenge could not be determined during the trial, although the progeny of vaccinated hens appeared to perform slightly better under commercial conditions than the progeny of unvaccinated hens.

scholarly journals Tracing cross species transmission of Mycobacterium bovis at the wildlife/livestock interface in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petronillah Rudo Sichewo ◽  
Tiny M. Hlokwe ◽  
Eric M.C. Etter ◽  
Anita L. Michel
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
African Buffalo ◽  
High Genetic Variability ◽  
Spoligotype Pattern ◽  
Public Health Threat

Abstract Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) affects cattle and wildlife in South Africa with the African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) as the principal maintenance host. The presence of a wildlife maintenance host at the wildlife/livestock interface acting as spill-over host makes it much more challenging to control and eradicate bTB in cattle. Spoligotyping and mycobacteria interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) genotyping methods were performed to investigate the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium bovis ( M. bovis ) isolates from cattle and wildlife, their distribution and transmission at the wildlife/livestock interface in northern Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN), South Africa. Results SB0130 was identified as the dominant spoligotype pattern at this wildlife/livestock interface, while VNTR typing revealed a total of 29 VNTR profiles (strains) in the KZN province signifying high genetic variability. The detection of 5 VNTR profiles shared between cattle and buffalo suggests M. bovis transmission between species. MIRU-VNTR confirmed co-infection in one cow with three strains of M. bovis that differed at a single locus, with 2 being shared with buffalo, implying pathogen introduction from most probably unrelated wildlife sources. Conclusion Our findings highlight inter and intra species transmission of bTB at the wildlife/livestock interface and the need for the implementation of adequate bTB control measures to mitigate the spread of the pathogen responsible for economic losses and a public health threat.

scholarly journals Bovine Pestivirus Heterogeneity and Its Potential Impact on Vaccination and Diagnosis

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Riitho ◽  
Rebecca Strong ◽  
Magdalena Larska ◽  
Simon P. Graham ◽  
Falko Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Border Disease ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Potential Impact

Bovine Pestiviruses A and B, formerly known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses. Bovine viral diarrhoea control programmes are in effect in several high-income countries but less so in low- and middle-income countries where bovine pestiviruses are not considered in disease control programmes. However, bovine pestiviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse, which affects the efficiency of the control programmes. The emergence of atypical ruminant pestiviruses (Pestivirus H or BVDV-3) from various parts of the world and the detection of Pestivirus D (border disease virus) in cattle highlights the challenge that pestiviruses continue to pose to control measures including the development of vaccines with improved cross-protective potential and enhanced diagnostics. This review examines the effect of bovine pestivirus diversity and emergence of atypical pestiviruses in disease control by vaccination and diagnosis.

Taxonomic problems in the Aphanogmus hakonensis species complex; (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) common hyperparasitoids in biocontrol programmes against lepidopterous pests in the tropics

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Polaszek ◽  
Paul Dessart
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Lepidopteran Larvae ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractMorphological studies of different populations of what was previously considered to be a single species, Aphanogmus hakonensis Ashmead, revealed the presence of a complex of species which are extremely difficult to distinguish without detailed studies of male genitalia. Several of these species have been misidentified during biological control programmes or parasitoid surveys. These misidentifications are corrected, and two new species, Aphanogmus captiosus and Aphanogmus thylax are described. The hakonensis-complex is diagnosed. As far as is known, all species are hyperparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae via various hymenopteran or dipteran primary parasitoids.

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