Function of the Muscles of the Upper Limb in Car Driving IV: The pectoralis major, serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi muscles

Ergonomics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. JOXSSON ◽  
B. JONSSON
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Latissimus Dorsi ◽  
Pectoralis Major ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Car Driving

Stepwise increase of upper limb muscle activity induced by progressive 4 positions of a handstand training

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kazuaki Kinoshita ◽  
Yuichi Hoshino ◽  
Naoko Yokota ◽  
Masashi Hashimoto ◽  
Yuichiro Nishizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Latissimus Dorsi ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Muscle Loading ◽  
Lower Trapezius ◽  
Different Levels

BACKGROUND: Handstand is the most important fundamental skill in gymnastics. A gradual and well-balanced increase in muscle loading in a manner is preferred for young beginners and/or recovering gymnasts to safely achieve the muscle strength required to perform a stable handstand. OBJECTIVE: To examine upper limb muscle activity during different levels of handstand training positions. METHODS: This study utilized four different positions for progressive handstand training; namely, the 90, 135, elbow stand, and handstand positions. The activities of eight upper limb muscles (upper, middle, and lower trapezius; serratus anterior; anterior and middle deltoid; infraspinatus; and latissimus dorsi were measured by surface electromyography (EMG) for each position. The percentages of EMG in each muscle compared to the values during maximum voluntary contraction were calculated and compared between the positions. RESULTS: Muscle activity around the shoulder increased gradually throughout the progression of the four handstand training positions. Furthermore, the muscles required for scapular stabilization, such as the upper and middle trapezius and serratus anterior muscles, were activated at levels similar to those for a handstand without performing this movement. CONCLUSIONS: A progressive handstand training program of four different positions resulted in gradual and well-balanced increases in muscle activity.

Risk factors associated with subacromial pain in young athletes: A case control study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Zoran Z. Sarcevic ◽  
Andreja P. Tepavcevic
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sternoclavicular Joint ◽  
Pectoralis Major ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lower Trapezius ◽  
Control Study

BACKGROUND: Subacromial pain (SAP) is a common complaint of young athletes, independently of the sport engaged. The prevalence of SAP in some sports is up to 50%. OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed to investigate some new factors possibly associated to subacromial pain in young athletes. The factors considered were the grade of tightness of the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major, dysfunction of the sternoclavicular joint, and serratus anterior and lower trapezius strength. METHODS: This case-control study included 82 young athletes 9–15 years, 41 with the symptoms of SAP and 41 controls. All participants self-reported whether they had subacromial pain. In addition, Hawkins–Kennedy Test was performed to all the participants to evaluate the subacromial pressure. Main outcome measures were the grade of tightness of the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major, dysfunction of the sternoclavicular joint, and serratus anterior and lower trapezius strength. The grade of tightness of the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major and the dysfunction of the sternoclavicular joint were measured with an inclinometer. Serratus anterior and lower trapezius strength were measured by a handheld dynamometer with external belt-fixation. The data were analyzed using t-test for independent samples, Mann-Whitney U test, contingency coefficients and a stepwise binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Significant statistical difference was observed in the grade of tightness of the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major and in the variable representing the physiological functioning of the sternoclavicular joint, between the cases and the controls. There was no significant difference in serratus anterior and lower trapezius strength between the cases and the controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that the variable representing the physiological functioning of the sternoclavicular joint and the grade of shortening of the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major were good predictors for presence of SAP. CONCLUSIONS: A strong association was determined between subacromial pain in young athletes, clavicular portion of pectoralis major tightness and the dysfunction of the sternoclavicular joint.

Association Between Lower Trapezius Isometric Strength and Y-Balance Test Upper Quarter Performance in College Volleyball Players

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Guillermo Mendez-Rebolledo ◽  
Ann M. Cools ◽  
Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽  
Elias Quiroz-Aldea ◽  
Fernanda A.P. Habechian
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Lower Trapezius

Context: Knowing the possible association between the isometric strength of the shoulder rotators, scapular muscles, and the Y-balance test upper quarter (YBT-UQ) performance could help identify which indicators of shoulder stability should be considered in this field test. This study aimed to determine whether the isometric strength of the shoulder rotators and scapular muscles is associated with the YBT-UQ performance of the dominant upper limb in amateur volleyball players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A convenience sample of 22 male and 18 female volleyball players (≥12 h of training/week) between 18 and 26 years of age. The isometric strength of the middle trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, internal, and external rotator muscles was assessed with a handheld dynamometer. Participants performed the YBT-UQ in the superolateral, medial, and inferolateral directions. The absolute isometric peak force (in Newtons) was normalized to body weight (in Newtons per kilogram) for each muscle test. For each YBT-UQ direction, the distance (in centimeters) was normalized for upper limb length (in percentage). A backward multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the associations between variables. Results: The analysis revealed that the isometric strength of the lower trapezius (β = 26.82; 95% confidence interval, 21.24–32.40) is associated with inferolateral YBT-UQ performance (adjusted R2 = .706; P < .001). This factor explains 70% of the variability of the YBT-UQ in the inferolateral direction. Conclusions: Lower trapezius isometric strength is associated with inferolateral YBT-UQ performance of the dominant upper limb in amateur volleyball players. These findings could help in the development of more specific training programs and rehabilitation goals according to the performance of the athletes in the test.

Pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscle flap for diaphragmatic reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Watanabe ◽  
Hiroshi Matsumoto ◽  
Ryuichi Yoshida ◽  
Kazuya Yasui ◽  
Takahito Yagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Flap ◽  
Pectoralis Major ◽  
Serratus Anterior Muscle ◽  
Serratus Anterior

Toward Consensus in Assessing Upper Limb Muscle Strength and Pinch and Grip Strength in People With Tetraplegia Having Upper Limb Reconstructions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Dunn ◽  
Sabrina Koch-Borner ◽  
M. Elise Johanson ◽  
Johanna Wangdell
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Manual Muscle Testing ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Consensus Methods ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Multicenter Studies ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Muscle Testing ◽  
Upper Limb Surgery

Objectives: To reach agreement on standardized protocols for assessing upper limb strength and grip and pinch force for upper limb reconstructive surgery for tetraplegia. Methods: Selected members of an expert panel composed of international therapists formed at the 2018 International Congress for Upper Limb Surgery for Tetraplegia conducted a literature review of current practice that identified gaps and inconsistencies in measurement protocols and presented to workshop attendees. To resolve discrepancies, a set of questions was presented to workshop attendees who voted electronically. Consensus was set at 75% agreement. Results: For manual muscle testing, consensus was reached for using the Medical Research Council scale, without plus or minus, and the use of resistance through range when testing grade 4 and grade 5 strength. Pectoralis major and serratus anterior should be routinely tested, however there was no consensus on other shoulder muscles. Grip and pinch strength should be tested according to the American Society of Hand Therapists positioning. For grip strength, either the Jamar or Biometrics dynamometer expressed in kilograms should be used. For grip and pinch strength, three measurements should be performed at each testing. No consensus was reached on a device for pinch strength. Conclusion: This work is an important step to enable comparable data in the future. Further consensus methods will work toward developing more comprehensive guidelines in this population. Building international consensus for pre- and postoperative measures of function supports objective evaluation of novel therapies and interpretation of multicenter studies.

Latissimus Dorsi Flap for Leg Reconstruction

2019 ◽  
pp. 881-890
Author(s):  
Marek K. Dobke ◽  
Gina A. Mackert
Keyword(s):  
Latissimus Dorsi ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Perforator Flap ◽  
Muscle Flap ◽  
Pedicled Flap ◽  
Latissimus Dorsi Flap ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Flap Transfer ◽  
Thin Skin ◽  
Dissection Techniques

Variants of the latissimus dorsi flap are quite versatile and offer multiple reconstructive options for creative surgeons. The latissimus dorsi flap may be raised as a muscle flap or together with the overlying skin as a musculocutaneous unit. Apart from its use as a pedicled flap or for microvascular free flap transfer, the latissimus dorsi can be raised with portions of ribs and may include the serratus anterior muscle. Different customized chimeric (muscle and perforator flap) or perforator flap techniques find application for repair difficult with large three-dimensional defects or when large and thin, skin-only tissue is needed, respectively. Different designs of the flap, dissection techniques, and flap variant applications in the context of a systematic approach to reconstructive problems are described.

scholarly journals Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath Developed over Chimeric-Free Latissimus Dorsi and Serratus Anterior Muscle Flaps

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S50-S53
Author(s):  
Athanasios Karonidis ◽  
Akrivi Kostopoulou ◽  
Sofia Pappa ◽  
Dimosthenis Tsoutsos
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell Tumor ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Latissimus Dorsi ◽  
Tendon Sheath ◽  
Cell Tumor ◽  
Proteus Syndrome ◽  
Pathology Report ◽  
Serratus Anterior Muscle ◽  
Serratus Anterior ◽  
Muscle Flaps

AbstractThis article describes a rare case of giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) that was developed over the substance of chimeric-free latissimus dorsi and ­serratus ­anterior muscle flaps performed for lower limb reconstruction. To our knowledge, development of GCTTS over a free flap is first described in the literature. A 71-year-old ­woman was presented with a large protuberant ulcerated tumor mass that was developed over the substance of chimeric free muscle flaps at the foot and ankle. We performed an extensive tumor resection, and the pathology report confirmed the presence of a primary giant cell tumor. The patient was advised to have a below-knee amputation. However, the patient refused the amputation, and 4 months later, she was presented with a metastatic mass proximally at the upper thigh. We believe that the GCTTS was associated with the chronic inflammation of the soft tissue and bones along with the recurrent episodes of infection, mainly due to proteus mirabilis and proteus syndrome (PS). PS may lead to the development of malformations and overgrowth of different tissues in unusual locations. In cases resistant to antibiotics, the radical surgical debridement should be considered as the most effective treatment.

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