scholarly journals Definiteness Marking from Evaluative Morphology in Balochi: Internal Variation and Diachronic Pathway

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Maryam Nourzaei
Keyword(s):  
Internal Variation

scholarly journals “Identity through difference”: Liminal Diasporism and Generational Change Among the Koryo Saram in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-72
Author(s):  
Matteo Fumagalli
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Generational Change ◽  
Central Asian Republic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Boundary Maintenance ◽  
Korean Youth ◽  
Internal Variation

This article examines the case of the Koryo saram, the ethnic Koreans living in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan, to reflect on how notions of diasporas, community, and identity have changed since the collapse of the Soviet Union. It contends that the Koryo saram are best understood through the lenses of diasporic conditions rather than as bounded communities, as such an approach allows for greater recognition of heterogeneity within these communities. While many Koryo saram continue to claim some form of Korean-ness, how they relate to issues of homeland-orientation and boundary maintenance evidences internal variation and growing in-betweenness. The community’s hybridity (“hyphenization”) and liminality (“identity through difference”) stand out when examining generational differences and are especially evident among the local Korean youth.

Introduction: Patchwork Leviathans

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Erin Metz McDonnell
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Weak State ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stereotypical Image ◽  
Internal Variation

This introductory chapter goes beyond the stereotypical image of dysfunctional public service to argue that many seemingly weak state “leviathans” are instead patchworked. What this means is that they are cobbled together from scarce available resources. They have a wide range of internal variation in organizational capacities sewn loosely together into the semblance of unity. The chapter thus reveals a striking empirical observation with theoretical implications for how to conceptualize states and state capacity: amid general organizational weakness and neopatrimonial politics, there are a few spectacularly effective state agencies dedicating their full working capacity to the routine satisfaction of organizational goals in the public interest. These are the subcultural niches of the bureaucratic ethos that manage to thrive against impressive odds.

Symbolic Data Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Sandra Elizabeth González Císaro ◽  
Héctor Oscar Nigro
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Symbolic Data Analysis ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Symbolic Data ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
Mining Complex ◽  
Internal Variation

Standard data mining techniques no longer adequately represent the complexity of the world. So, a new paradigm is necessary. Symbolic Data Analysis is a new type of data analysis that allows us to represent the complexity of reality, maintaining the internal variation and structure developed by Diday (2003). This new paradigm is based on the concept of symbolic object, which is a mathematical model of a concept. In this article the authors are going to present the fundamentals of the symbolic data analysis paradigm and the symbolic object concept. Theoretical aspects and examples allow the authors to understand the SDA paradigm as a tool for mining complex data.

Principles on Symbolic Data Analysis

2009 ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Héctor Oscar Nigro ◽  
Sandra Elizabeth González Císaro
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Symbolic Data Analysis ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Symbolic Data ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
New Type ◽  
Null Value ◽  
Internal Variation ◽  
Different Sources

Today’s technology allows storing vast quantities of information from different sources in nature. This information has missing values, nulls, internal variation, taxonomies, and rules. We need a new type of data analysis that allows us represent the complexity of reality, maintaining the internal variation and structure (Diday, 2003). In Data Analysis Process or Data Mining, it is necessary to know the nature of null values - the cases are by absence value, null value or default value -, being also possible and valid to have some imprecision, due to differential semantic in a concept, diverse sources, linguistic imprecision, element resumed in Database, human errors, etc (Chavent, 1997). So, we need a conceptual support to manipulate these types of situations. As we are going to see below, Symbolic Data Analysis (SDA) is a new issue based on a strong conceptual model called Symbolic Object (SO). A “SO” is defined by its “intent” which contains a way to find its “extent”. For instance, the description of habitants in a region and the way of allocating an individual to this region is called “intent”, the set of individuals, which satisfies this intent, is called “extent” (Diday 2003). For this type of analysis, different experts are needed, each one giving their concepts.

Symbolic Objects and Symbolic Data Analysis

2005 ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Oscar Nigro ◽  
Sandra Elizabeth González Císaro
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Symbolic Data Analysis ◽  
Symbolic Data ◽  
New Type ◽  
Internal Variation ◽  
Different Sources

Today’s technology allows storing vast quantities of information from different sources in nature. This information has missing values, nulls, internal variation, taxonomies, and rules. We need a new type of data that allow us to represent the complexity of reality, maintaining the internal variation and structure (Bock & Diday, 2000; Diday, 2002, 2003).

Phonological Variation and Change in Italian

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Vietti
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Local Variety ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
The One ◽  
Internal Variation

The phonology of Italian is subject to considerable variability both at the segmental and at the prosodic level. Changes affect different features of the phonological system such as the composition of the inventory of phonemes and allophones, the phonotactic patterning of phonemes, and their lexical distribution. On the prosodic level, the variability takes the form of a composite collection of intonational patterns. In fact, the classification of intonational contours in geographical varieties appears fuzzier and less precise than the traditional division into geographical areas based on segmental features. The reasons for the high variability must be traced back, on the one hand, to the rapid and recent standardization and, on the other hand, to the prolonged contact with Romance dialects of Italy. Variation in Italian phonology can be traced back to two main dimensions: A geographic dimension, accounting for a large proportion of the total variability, and a social dimension that regulates variety-internal variation. The overall picture can be understood as a combination of vertical and horizontal sociolinguistic forces. Horizontal dynamics is responsible for the creation of a pluricentric standard, that is, a multiplicity of models of pronunciation that could be considered as geographical versions of the standard. Vertical dynamics brings about the formation of new norms at a local level and, most important, it generates a continuum of dialects ranging from the (regional) standard to the most local variety. Moving along this vertical continuum from the standard down to the local variety, there is an increasing of variability that represents a source for the emergence of social and stylistic values.

Hausa

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell G. Schuh ◽  
Lawan D. Yalwa
Keyword(s):  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Voice Of America ◽  
Arabic Orthography ◽  
International Broadcasting ◽  
The City ◽  
Deutsche Welle ◽  
Internal Variation

The following description of Hausa is based on the variety of the language spoken in Kano, Nigeria. The sample text is transcribed from a recording of a male native of Kano in his late 30's. This variety of Hausa is considered “standard”. Though Kano is a large urban center with some internal variation in speech, the sound inventory is relatively homogeneous within the city and surrounding area. Kano Hausa is the variety most commonly heard on national and regional radio and television broadcasts in Nigeria as well as most international broadcasting, such as the BBC, Deutsche Welle, Radio Moscow, and Voice of America. Kano Hausa is therefore familiar throughout the Hausa speaking areas of Nigeria as well as Hausa speaking communities in Niger, Ghana, and other areas outside northern Nigeria. Hausa has a standard orthography, in use since the 1930's and also based on the Kano variety. It is familiar to all Hausa speakers literate in the Romanized orthography. (Many Hausas are also literate in Arabic orthography, a variety of which has been used to write Hausa, probably for several centuries. The Arabic orthography for Hausa is less standardized than the Roman orthography and has little formally published literature.)

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